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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gram and morphology of Pasteurella, Mannheimia, Bibersteinia
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G(-) coccobacillus
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Where are pasteurella, mannheimia, and bibersteinia normally found
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commensals on mucus membranes of the oropharyngeal, nasopharygeal and tonsillar areas
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In what species are pasteurella, mannheimia and bibersteinia found?
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cattle, sheep, goat, pig, bird, dogs/cats sporadically, NOT HORSES
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What are the Virulence factors of M. haemolytica?
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endotoxin, capsule, and leukotoxin
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What Species does M. haemolytica affect?
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cattle, sheep, goats
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What disease does M. Haemolytica cause in general?
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pneumonia
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What are the virulence factors of P. multocida (non-toxigenic strains)
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endotoxin and capsule
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What are the virulence factors of P multocida (toxigenic strains)?
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endotoxin, capsule, PMT
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What species are affected by the nontoxigenic strains of P. multocida?
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cattle, pigs, rabbits, birds
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What disease is generally caused by the nontoxigenic strains of P. multocida?
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pneumonia and sinusitis
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What species are affected by the toxigenic strains of P. multocia?
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pigs
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What disease is caused by the toxigenic strains of P. multocida?
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Atrophic rhinitis
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What are the virulence factors of B. trehalosi?
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endotoxin, capsule, +/- exotoxin
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What species are affected by B. trehalosi?
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cattle and sheep
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What general disease is caused by B. trehalosi?
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pneumonia
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What are the 3 most common serotypes of Mannheimia haemolytica?
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S1, S2, S6
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M. haemolytica is pathogenic to ______________ only.
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Ruminants
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What is the main reason the big horn sheep population is in decline?
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Mannheimia haemolytica
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M. haemolytica can cause what disease in ewes?
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mastitis
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M. haemolytica exhibits what form of hemolysis?
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beta
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What specific disease does P. multocida cause in ruminants and swine?
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supprative bronchopneumonia
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What specific disease does P. multocida cause in swine?
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Atrophic rhinitis
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What specific disease does P. multocida cause in rabbits?
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snuffles
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What specific disease does P. multocida cause in birds?
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septicemia or respiratory disease (fowl cholera)
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What role does P. multocida play in dogs, cats and humans?
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bite wound contamination
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What species are B. trehalosi pathogenic in?
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ruminants
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What specific disease does B. trehalosi cause in lambs?
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septicemia
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What specific disease does B. trehalosi cause in free ranging big horn sheep?
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pneumonia
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What are the bacterial pathogens of the BRD complex?
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M. haemolytica, P. multocida, B. trehalosi, Histophilus somni, Mycoplasma bovis
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What is the difference between enzootic pneumonia and shipping fever?
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age and type of cattle affected
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What type of cattle are commonly affected by enzootic pneumonia?
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preweaning dairy calves <3mo
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What type of cattle are commonly affected by shipping fever?
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post-weaning beef calves from 6-18mo
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Under what conditions is BRD exasperated?
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stressful (weaning, co-mingling, shipping, inclement weather)
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BRD bacteria are normally found:
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as part of the nasopharyngeal and tonsillar crypt flora
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What is the major bacterium isolated from ACUTE cases of shipping fever?
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Mannheimia haemolytica
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When does clinical disease of BRD first occur?
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first 2 weeks after shipping or stress
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What are the major lesions of BRD?
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fibrinous pneumonia or fibrinous pleuropneumonia
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What is another isolate from acute cases of BRD?
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Histophilus somni, P. multocida and B. trehalosi
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What acute BRD isolate causes myocarditis or synovitis?
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Histophilus somni
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What symptoms can Histophilus somni cause in acute BRD cases?
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myocarditis or synovitis
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What symptoms/lesions can P. multocida and B. trehalosi cause in acute BRD?
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bronchopneumonia
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What pathogen is commonly involved/isolated from subacute BRD cases?
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P. multocida
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What is a common presentation of cattle with acute shipping fever?
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feedlots/wheat pasture for first 2 weeks
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What are common signs of Acute shipping fever?
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nasal discharge, dyspnea, cough anorexia, abnormal lung sounds, fever, depressed stance, head down, neck extended
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What section of the lung is most commonly affected with BRD?
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cranioventral lung lobes
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What are some reasons lesions of BRD differ among cases?
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bacterial species involve3d, aggressiveness and virulence factors of bacteria, presence or absence of pleural lesions, acuteness/chronicity of lesion, immune status of calf
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What are the 3 underlying pulmonary lesions of BRD?
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bronchopneumonia, fibrinous pneumonia, fibrinous pleuropneumonia
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What are the major signs of CHRONIC shipping fever?
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weight loss, poor gain, lethargy/depression, anorexia, chronic respiratory signs
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What agent causes the pneumonia and pulmonary abscesses in chronic BRD cases?
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Truperella pyogenes
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What agent causes the pneumonia and pulmonary abscesses in subacute to chronic BRD cases?
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Mycoplasma bovis
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How is BRD diagnosed?
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clinical signs, history, necropsy, isolation of bacteria
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Where are bacteria in BRD cases isolated from?
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lungs at necropsy, tracheal swabs or TTW of live animals
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What is the main determinant of BRD Tx success?
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early recognition and antibiotic treatment
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What is important in a BRD outbreak?
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bacterial ID and sensitivity
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What is the main way to control BRD?
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decrease stressors
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What are the main components of a preconditioning program that help control BRD?
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anthelmintics, vaccinations, wean and hold for 30-45 days
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What is metaphylaxis?
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mass medication of all members of a group of animals to eliminate or minimize an expected outbreak of disease
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Metaphylaxis in BRD control is especially important in what animals?
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light weight, high stress, high risk calves
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Administration of long acting antibiotics against acute BRD upon arrival can cause what?
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chronic pneumonia cases
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What diseases can you vaccinate against to reduce the risk BRD?
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bovine viral respiratory pathogens
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What bacterial vaccination showed some efficacy against BRD?
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M. haemolytica
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When should you vaccinate against M. haemolytica to optimize protection against BRD?
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2-4 weeks before transport
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What is the most common disease of dairy calves? Second most common?
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diarrhea, enzootic pneumonia
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What is the main lesion of enzootic pneumonia in dairy calves?
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supprative bronchopneumonia
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What are some stress factors that enhance a calf’s susceptibility to enzootic pneumonia?
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FPT, nutritional deficiencies, adverse environmental conditions, shipping stress, viral infections
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What is the most common isolate from enzootic pneumonia?
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Pasteurella multocida
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What bacterial pathogen often causes otitis media or synovitis along with enzootic pneumonia?
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mycoplasma bovis
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What are the two less frequently isolated bacteria of enzootic pneumonia?
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M. haemolytica and B. trehalosi
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Are there vaccines available for control of enzootic pneumonia?
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no
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What are the 2 main ways to control enzootic pneumonia?
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reduce predisposing factors and antibiotic treatment
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What are the 3 ways to reduce predisposing factors of enzootic pneumonia?
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High quality colostrum, good hygiene, avoidance to older cattle
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M. haemolytica causes ____________ in domestic and bighorn sheep.
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severe pneumonia
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M. haemolytica causes ____________ in lambs.
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septicemia
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M. haemolytica causes ____________ in ewes.
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mastitis
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B. trehalosi causes _____________ in older lambs.
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septicemia
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B. trehalosi causes ______________ in bighorn sheep.
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pneumonia
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What bacteria causes sporadic secondary pneumonia in sheep?
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P. multocida
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What is the causative agent of “snuffles” in rabbits?
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P. multocida
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What are the clinical signs of snuffles?
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mucuopurulent rhinitis, pneumonia, otitis, purulent infections, septicemia
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What is the best control of fowl cholera?
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biosecurity and sanitation
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Are there vaccines available for fowl cholera?
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yes
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What do the nontoxigenic strains of P. multocida cause in swine?
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procine bronchopneumonia
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What to the toxigenic strains of P. multocida cause in swine?
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atrophic rhinitis
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What toxin is produced by toxigenic strains of P. multocida?
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Pasteurella multocida toxin
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What type of pigs are generally affected by P. multocida?
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young pigs
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What is the main lesion of P. multocida in pigs?
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atrophy of the nasal turbinate bones
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What are the clinical signs of P. multocida in pigs?
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lacrimation, sneezing, distortion of snout, poor growth
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Synergism with what bacterial pathogen commonly occurs in atrophic rhinitis?
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Bordetella bronchiseptica
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What role in atrophic rhinitis does B. bronchiseptica play?
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colonizes the nasal mucosa and Bordetella toxin inhibits osteoblasts of turbinates and enhances colonization of P. multocida
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What does PMT do?
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enhances bone resorption causing turbinate loss
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How is atrophic rhinitis diagnosed?
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clinical signs, turbinate atrophy at slaughter
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What role do antibiotics play in atrophic rhinitis?
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reduce levels in sows and piglets
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What are ways to control atrophic rhinitis?
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management (airflow, all in/all out), vaccination
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What is the vaccination protocol for atrophic rhinitis?
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vaccinate sows for both agents (P. multocida and B. bronchiseptica) and vaccinate piglets at 1 and 3 weeks of age
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What is the zoonotic potential of P. multocida?
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bite wound infections causing fatal human septicemia in susceptible individuals
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