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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the science and study of microorganisms called?
How are infectious diseases spread? |
Microbiology
Infectious diseases are spread by microorganisms |
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What are microorganisms? How can they be seen?
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Very small living organisms only viewable through a microscope
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What can all organisms be divided into?
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Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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What five things make up a prokaryote?
Two things that are prokaryotes? |
Ability to reproduce
Ability to metabolise No nuclear membrane Complex cell wall Always single celled Prokaryotes are all bacteria and lower organisms |
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What DO eukaryotes have?
Animal cells? Plant cells? Example of a eurkarytoe? |
A nucleus
Animal cells: No cell wall Plant cells: Cell wall pROTOZOA |
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What do we call things that do and dont cause disease?
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Pathogenic or non pathogenic.
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four things every micro organism has a different need for?
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Nutrients
Oxygen PH Temperature |
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How do we tell which microorganism has grown?
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Change the needs.
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Simple definition of bacteria?
Size and shape? |
Unicellular oganism that does not require living tissue to survive.
The size and shape varies |
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Rod shape?
Spiral shape? Spherical shape? |
Bacilli
Spirochetes Cocci |
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Describing a bacterium:
Tail? Hairs? Outer capsule? |
Tail = flagela
Hairs = pili Outer capsule = capsule |
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Describing a bacterium:
Media capsule? Inner capsule? Liquid inside? Little dots? |
Media capsule = cell wall
Inner capsule = Cytoplasmic membrane Liquid inside = cytoplasm Little dots = ribosomes |
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Describing a bacterium:
Strings inside? |
Strings inside = nucleoid
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What is gram positive and gram negative?
Gram positive? Gram negative? |
The colour a bacteria stails in a petri dish that denotes its classification.
Gram+ = Bacteria turns puple/blue dye Gram-= Bacteria turns red/pink dye |
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What does the gram+ or - tell us?
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Gives us a clue to the cell wall of the bacteria.
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What is an exotoxin? How toxic? What do they do?
What is an endotoxin? How toxic? Three things they do? |
Exotoxin = A toxin released by a living organism. Very toxic. They stimulate antobody/antitoxin production.
Endotoxin = A toxin released by a dead organism. Not as toxic. Cause fever, increase vascular permeability and can cause loss of vascular fluid (endotoxic shock). |
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An example of what releases endotoxins that can cause endotoxic shock?
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Salmonella
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Name a type of bacteria and a special function it does to help it invade a host?
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Hemolytic streptococci produce hemolysins which break down red blood cells.
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What is a spore?
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A reproductive structure designed for dispersion and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavourable conditions.
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What is it called when a bacteria multiplies into two? THen what is formed?
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Binary fision
Colony forming units |
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Simple definition of a virus?
What do they NEED? Made of? |
Obligate intracellular parasites
They need a living host for replication Made of a strand of DNA or RNA in a hard protein coat. |
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How do viruses reproduce?
Special ability? |
They inject their RNA or DNA strand into a living oragnism to reproduce
They have the ability to mutate so they can trick the immune system |
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3 reasons viruses are hard to control?
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They hide inside hosts cells
They do not have a metabolism of their own They do not have many structures of their own |
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Simply, what is a retrovirus?
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An RNA virus that replicates by reverse transcription form RNA to DNA
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Other micro organisms divide how?
Chlamydiae spread how? Rickettsiae spread how? What do mycoplasmas cause? |
Mainly binary fasion similar to virus and bacteria.
Chlamydiae spread sexually Rickettsiae spread by insects Mycoplasmas can cause pneumonia. |
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What are mycoplasmas? Lack of what? Treat?
Typhus fever caused by? |
Mycoplasmas are teh smallest cellular microbe. They lack a cell wall and are difficult to treat.
Typhus = Rickettsiae |
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What is the long filament on a fungus called?
What is a mass of these called? |
Hyphae
Mycelium |
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Definition of a protozoa?
Cell wall? |
More complex single celled eukaryotic organism
NO cell wall |
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What can protozoas form?
Protozoas can be divided into? Two examples of protozoas? |
Protozoas can for cysts
Parasites and symbionts Tricomonas vaginalis and amoeba |
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An example of a parasitic protozoa?
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Helminths - worms
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Where can good flora be found? (5)
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Small and large intestine
Nasal cavity Mouth Skin Vagina and perineum |
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What do the terms mean:
Commensalis Mutualism Parasitism Opportunistic Transient flora |
Commensalism - One benefits, other unaffected (skin)
Mutualism - Both benefit, e coli makes vitamin K Parasitism - One benefits at others expense (if flora get into other aresa of the body) Opportunistic - initially commensalism/mutual, turning parasitic Trransient flora - Present for short periods but not disease |
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What is an epidemic?
What is a pandemic? What is an endemic? |
Epidemic - Infection in large groups
Pandemic - infection worldwide Endemic - infection restricted to an area |
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5 forms of transmission of infection
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Droplet in the air
Direct contact Indirect contact (food) Vectors (carried by animals) Nosocomial (via hospital or care facisily) |
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6 important terms:
Reservoir Carrier Vector Host Pathogenicity Virulence |
Reservoir - A place where the pathogen exists, reproduces and spreads to new hosts
Carrier - Harbours the disease with no symptoms Vector - Immediate carrier transporting from reservoir to host Host - An infected thing Pathogenicity - the capactiy of microbes to cause disease Virulence - Degree of pathogenicity of a specific microbe |
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5 ways to control an infection?
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Reduce the reservoir
Stop droplet transmission Kill the organism Block the method of transmission Sterelization |
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4 diagnostic tests for pathogens?
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1. Culture/staning test
2. Blood test 3. Stool test 4. Radiography |
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3 reasons a blood test might be used?
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Bacterial infection = leukocytosis
Viral infection = leukemia High ESR |
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Definition of cellulitis?
Cause? |
Acute bacterial skin infection resulting in inflamation and characteristically extending to underlying fat tissue. Caused by streptococci
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Cellulitis enters (4)?
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Minor trauma, ulcers, eczema, surgical incisions. Often from nasal passages.
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Cellulitis symptoms (2)
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Fever, very red inflamed skin
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What is impetido?
Common in? Caused by? (2) Spread? (2) |
Very infectious skin condition common in children
Caused by staphylococcus aureas or haemolytic strotococci Sread by direct contact or eating utensils |
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Symptoms of impetigo? (2)
Mostly effects where? Treatment? |
Large round pustules or patches
Clear blisters Mostly effects hands and face or skin folds Antibiotics |
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Complications of impetigo?
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Glomerulonephritis
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Definition of candidiasis (oral)?
Caused by? Transmitted? Symptom? |
Fungal infection of mucous acused by candida albicans
Transmitted directly or indirectly Inflamation of mucous tissue |
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Symptoms of herpes simplex virus?
Virus is usually? |
Painful lesions around mouth/nose that ulcerate, scab and heal.
Virus is dormant in trigemnial nerve. |
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HSV spread by? (2)
Complication? |
Saliva or directly
Can spread to eyes |
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2 important facts about HIV and aids?
HIV stands for? Aids stands for? |
It is a pandemic
People do not die from them, they die from opportunistic infections HIV = human immuno deficiency virus AIDS = Acquired immune deficiency syndome |
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2 things HIV is
How many strands of RNA? Envelope? What does this mean?(2) Spread? Symptoms? |
HIV = STI attacking the immune system
A retro virus 2 strands of RNA Surrounded by a lipid envelope making it vulnerable to the environment. Does not survive long outside host. Spread directly Initially no symptoms |
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AIDs is?
Spread? |
Aids is the later stages of HIV.
Non transmissible. Later stages of HIV. |
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What three things does HIV attack?
What does it do to lymphocytes? |
Nerve cells, macrophages, T helper cells
It controls their metabolism forcing them to replicate the virus |
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What ratio?
What test for HIV? When? |
As viral count goes up, T cell cont goes down
Blood test 2 weeks - 6 months after infection as this is the incubation period. It takes this long to produce antibodies. |
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Primary signs of HIV?
Secondary signs? (3) |
Primary = flu like symptoms
Secondary = Drastically reduced immune function Lowered T cell count Opportunistic infections |
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Prognosis after diagnosis of HIV to death?
What increases life expectancy? |
9 - 11 years
Use of antiretrovirals |
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What type of virus is HIV?
Three reasons the antibodies cant destroy HIV? |
HIV is a retrovirus
HIV hides in its host Decreased T cells Mutations in the viral envelope |
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How is HIV primarily spread?
Two drugs for HIV treatment? |
Blood or semen
Antiretrovirals (stop replication) And Protease inhibitors |
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What is diptheria?
4 symptoms? |
A highly contageous infection affecting mainly the nose and throat
Sore throat, fever, swolen cervical lymph nodes, grey membrane across the tonsils |
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Diptheria incubation time?
Bacteria? Prognosis? Diagnosed? Transmitted? 2 complications? Treated? |
2-5 days
Cornebacterium dihptheria Prognosis 5-10% fatal Diagnosed with a throat culture Transmitted in droplets Membrane/growth can block airways, exotoxins can damage heart muscle Treated with antibiotics and antitoxins |
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Scarlett fever 3 symptoms?
In who? Caused by? Incubation? Treated with? |
Red tongue, sore throat and high temperature
Mainly in children Caused by streptococci Incubation time: 3-4 days Treated with antibiotics |
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What is measles?
Caused by? Incubation? Transmission? Diagnosis? |
Highly infectious skin condition caused by measles virus
Incubation : 11 days Transmitted in droplets Diagnosis with a blood test |
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4 stages of symptoms of measles?
Treatment? |
1. Non specific cold symptoms, fever and koplik spots
2. Then rash around mouth muscosa 3. Then fever subsides 4. Then again high fever, measles rash for about 3 days Treated with a vaccination |
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What is mumps?
Cause? Incubation? Transmission? |
Viral infection causing swelling of the parotid gland by mumps virus
Incubation : 16-18 days Transmitted by droplets |
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What is rubella?
Cause? 3 symptoms? Diagnosed? |
Usually a harmless viral infection
Rubella virus Fever, rash, lymph node swelling Antibody blood test |
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Chicken pox?
Cause? Incubation time? Transmitted? |
Highly infectious viral disease usually in children
Varicella zoster virus Incubation time is 2-3 days Transmitted air and droplets |
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During what days is chicken pox infectious?
2 symptoms of chickenpox? |
Day one of the exanthema to 6th day of skin conditions
Fever, exanthema |
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What is shingles? Caused by?
3 symptoms? |
Infection of a nerve area caused by variecella zoster virus.
Pain Paresthesia Vesicular rash |
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What is meningitis?
Caused by? Symptoms? |
Meningitis is infection of the meninges
Cause dby meningococcus Photophobia, severe headache, back pain |
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Comlication of meningitis?
Diagnosed? Treated? |
Nerve damage
CSF analysis Antibiotics |
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Tuberculosis caused by?
Mainly affects? Something about the bacteria? Sx? In the lungs Sx? Transmission? (3) |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mainly affects the lungs The bacteria is very resistant Very different symptoms as different organs can be affected In the lungs: Fever, cough,night sweats Droplet, dust, milk |
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Whooping cough symptoms?
Mostly in? Caused by what type? Incubation? Symptoms: |
Coughing attacks
Children Bacteria 7-14 days 1-2 weeks starts like a cold, progresses into a cough taht cant be treated 3-6 weeks. |
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Transmitted:
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Droplets
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What is hepatitis?
Cause? (5) |
The most common and most infectious infection of the liver
Heptatitis viruus A B C D and E Preicteric stage Genneraly feeling ill Icteric Jaundice Pale Stools Dark urine Post icteric stage |
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What is polimyelitis?
Transmitted? Initial symptoms>? (4) What can happen later? |
Acute viral infectious disease
Fecal oral route Fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting Post polio syndrome |
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Treatment for poliomyelitis?
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Treatment for polio is to increase comfort levels. There is no cure.
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How many types of parasite involved in malaria? What is the main one called?
Incubation time? |
4 types of parasite
Main one is called plasmodium Up to 9 months |
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4 stages of malaria?
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Female anopheles mosquito bite
Plasmodium taken up by the liver where it proliferates Plasmodium spread to RBC Symptoms begin |
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Main symptom of maria?
3 symptoms? |
Cyclic fever attacks
Chills, fever, sweating |
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Malaria can be misdiagnosed as?
Two malaria drugs |
Flu
Quinine Preventative lariam |
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What is dysentry?
Other name for dysentry? Two types? Explain each? 3 symptoms? |
Acute intestinal infection.
Shigellosis Bacillary (more common) and amoebic Extreme diarrhea, stomach pain, bleeding |
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Transmission?
Prevention? Diagnosed? Treatment? (2) |
Food or water
Good hygiene Stool test Rehydration, antibiotics |
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What is chlamydia a type of?
Incubation time? How common? Male symptoms? (2) Female symptoms? |
A type of STD
Several weeks One of the most common STDs White discharge, epididymitis Often a symptomatic |
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What is Gonnorhea?
How easily treated? Comlications? Sx? Sx in males? (2) Sx in females? (3) |
A type of STI
Easily treated. If left, can cause permanent complications, especialy in women. Usually A symptomatic Yellow penile discharge, dysuria Vaginal discharge, dysuria, pain during sex |
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How is gonnorhea transmitted?
Treated? What type of infection? |
Any form of sex
Antibiotic injection Bacterial infection |
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What type of infection is syphillis?
Transmission? (2) Incubation? Same as but different? |
Syhillis is a bacterial infection and STI
Sexual contact or pregnancy 3-4 weeks. Similar to scarlett fever but weeks instead of days. |
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3 stages, explain stage 1 of syphillis? (3)
Explain stage 2? (4) Stage 3? (2) |
A hard painless ulcer at site of infection, that heals completely within 4 weeks and then is a syptomatic.
Flat erythema covering entire body. Lumps on genitles. Then a symptomatic but can remain infectious for 2 years if untreated. Stage 3 1-10 years post infection can involve brain and ehart complications. |
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Syphillis diagnosis?
Rx / treatment? |
Blood test
Penicillin |
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What is tricomoniasis caused by?
Which is? Sx in women? (3) Sx in men? (3) Transmission? Treament? |
Caused by tricomonas vaginalis which is a protozoa
Itching, burning, frothy pale yellow/green discharge from vagina A symptomatic in men but dysuria or discharge. Transmitted by sex Metronidazole (antibiotic gel) |
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What is thrush?
Symptoms? |
Very common opportunistic infection by candida albicans in vagina.
Itch, dysuria, discharge |
