Infectious Disease Final

Front 1

Guinea Worm

Back 1

Dracunculus medenisis; parasitic worm that infects GI tract and skin; cocopod vector; unfiltered water; larvae mature in GI tract, eventually burrow through stomach/intestine wall; leaves GI tract and males die; females migrate to skin, erupt from blister; secretes toxin that causes blistering; fever and localized pain and swelling; joint pain; ELISA or dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; detection of IgG-4; extraction

Front 2

Toxoplasmosis

Back 2

Toxoplasma gondii; protozoa; cats, humans and other animals; ingestion of sporulated oocysts through contaminated food; common in tropical areas with lower altitude (France and Central America); spreads locally to lymphnodes and to distant organs by invading the lymphatics and blood; necrosis; prentally acquired often infects the brain and retina; cyst wall dissolved by proteolytic enzymes in stomach and small intestine; bradyzoites discharge; fatigue, sore throat, fever, seizures, blurred vision; healthy people generally do not need treatment;

Front 3

Onchocerciasis

Back 3

Onchercerca volvus (nematode); black fly bites; sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, Yemen; 90% of all cases in Africa; develop inside the black fly into the infectious form; adults found in fibrous subcutaneous nodules; cause of lesions, itching, swelling, and rash (toxin); blindness; hanging groin; elephantiasis of genitals; skin biopsy; slit-lamp examination; antibody tests; DEC, Suramin, Amocarzine, Ivermectin;

Front 4

Leishmaniasis

Back 4

Parasitic disease; Leishmania parasite; sandfly bites; cutaneous and visceral are most common forms; skin soars, internal organ damage; tropical and sub-tropical regions; 90% visceral in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sudan, and Brazil; bite of female phlebotomine sandflies; becomes systemic disease, causing organ damage; cutaneous affects skin and mucus membranes, skin ulcers; systemic visceral affects whole body, vomiting and diarrhea in children, fever and fatigue in adults; physical exam, biopsy of spleen, bone marrow biopsy, direct agglutination assay, indirect immunoflourescent antibody test, lymph node biopsy, skin biopsy; antimony containing drugs; plastic surgery; no vaccine.

Front 5

Pneumocystis pneumonia

Back 5

Pneumocystis jiroveci; common in HIV/AIDS; 352 patients per year; mortality rate of 10 to 20 percent during the initial infection; pneumoncystis organisms have been identified in virtually every mamal; occurs mainly in humans with AIDS; airborne transmitted fungus; human to human; immunosuppression or lung disease; when CD4+ is less than 200 per microliter; attchment thought to be a requirement for proliferation; trophic and cyst form; trophic forms more common during infection; cyst form ruptures to release trophic forms; leads to respiratory failure; anorexia; fever, cough chills; breathing difficulties; weakness or fatigue; cyanosis; chest X-ray; bronchoscopy; toluidine blue or immunofluorescence assay; pulse oximetry; antipneumocystic medication; antibiotics

Front 6

Chagas' Disease

Back 6

Parasite Trypanosoma cruzi; spread by kissing bugs (Triatominae); South America; 18-20 million people; host defecated on by Triatomine; enters host when "scratched"; acute phase may have no symptoms or very mild symptoms; after acute phase, disease goes into remission; chronic symptoms include cardiomiopothy, enlarged lymph nodes, irregular heartbeat; rapid heart beat; blood culture; electrocardiogram; ELISA; peripheral blood smear; benzidazole and nifurtimox; worse in adults and elderly and will only treat acute stage; no chronic stage cure; no vaccine or drug for prevention; antiparasitic treatment for cardiac or gastrointestinal symptoms; death if untreated;

Front 7

Candidiasis

Back 7

Various Candidia fungi (natural flora); overabundance; yeast infections; oral cavity, vagina, skin, or systemic; skin prevents systemic infection; 45% mortality rate for systemic; systemic is fourth most common blood disease in hospitals; no specific region; Candidis albicans is most common; binds to host tissue; forms secretory aspartyl proteases; spread in yeast and hyhpal form; hematogenous spread; itching, pain, redness, discharge; skin scraping, vaginal discharge or pus analysis; fluconzole (antifungal)

Front 8

Histoplasmosis

Back 8

Histoplasma capsulatum fungus; upper respiratory system; western, central, and southeastern US; soil containing bat/bird/chicken droppings; farmer, construction workers; landscapers; 90 cases per year in US; dimorphic fungus; saprophytic mold enters via lungs; mold grows into yeast and divides by budding; non-transmissible; acute asymptomatic is most common; acute symptomatic includes chills, fever, muscle aches, headache, chest pain; chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis is common in lung disease patients, 90% develop lung lesions; disseminated histoplasmosis more common in infants or immunocompromised, fatal if left untreated; fungal culture or stain; urine and blood tests, chest X-Ray; CT Scan; Bronchoscopy; Antifungal drugs for chronic and disseminated; spray soil with water or formalin;

Front 9

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

Back 9

Common in middle aged women; autoAbs vs. self thyroid antigens; Goiter (enlarged thyroid)

Front 10

Goodpasture's Syndrome

Back 10

rare; young men; autoAbs vs basement membranes of kidneys or alveoli of lungs; induction of Complement attacks kidneys or lungs; progressive kidney damage or pulmonary hemorrhage; rapid death without treatment

Front 11

Myasthenia Gravis

Back 11

women in 20s; men in 60s or 70s; "blocking" Abs; inhibits muscle activation; Complement mediated attack of AchR --> skeletal muscle weakening or breathing failure

Front 12

Ankylosing Spondylitis

Back 12

ossification of joints; genetic defect in HLA-B27 (MHC gene); inflammation, due to bacterial infection, does not turn off; exercise can delay effects

Front 13

Multiple Sclerosis

Back 13

immune attacks central nervous system (myelin); relapse-remitting is most common; women 2-3 more likely; common away from equator;