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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which infectious organisms are obligate intracellular parasites that are entirely dependent on host cells for protein synthesis and replication?
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viruses
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What are some ways that viruses evade host defense mechanisms?
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• by multiplying within host cells
• gene rearrangements • can carry antigens of host cell origin • induce immune dysfunction |
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What are the chlamydial species known to cause disease in humans?
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• Chlamydia trachomatis
• Chlamydia pneumoniae • Chlamydia psittaci |
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Chlamydiae are susceptible to which antibiotics?
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• tetracycline
• macrolides |
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Which bacteria are the smallest free-living organsisms that do not have cell walls?
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Mycoplasma
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How do you view spirochetes under a microscope?
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• stain with silver
OR • view under darkfield illumination |
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What are some clues that indicate the presence of an anaerobic infection?
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• foul odor
• presence of gas (seen either radiographically or manifested by crepitus on examination) • presence of mixed gram-positive and gram-negative flora on a Gram stain of purulent exudate |
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What are characteristics of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria?
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• appear pink on gram stain
• contain lipoplysaccharide (a potent inducer of cytokines like TNF) • associated with fever and septic shock |
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List some examples of enterobacteria
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• E. Coli
• Enterobacter • Klebsiella • Proteus • Salmonella • Serratia • Shigella |
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Which enterobacteria is a common agent of bacterial dysentery?
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Shigella
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Which enterobacteria is associated with staghorn calculi of the urinary collecting system?
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proteus
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List 2 examples of gram-negative cocci
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• Neisseria
• Moraxella |
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List examples of gram-positive rods
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• Bacillus
• Clostridium • Corynebacterium • Diptheria • Listeria |
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List some mycobacterium (other than M. tuberculosis)
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• M. avium
• M. bovis • M. leprae • M. chelonae • M. marinum |
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Give examples of weakly gram-positive filamentous bacteria
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• Nocardia
• Actinomyces |
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What are characteristics of Nocardia?
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• acid fast and aerobic
• most commonly produces pneumonia and brain abscess • ~ 50% of patients with Nocardia infection have underlying impairments in cell-mediated immunity |
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What are characteristics of Actinomyces?
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• anaerobic (not acid-fast)
• inhabits the mouth, gut, & vagina • produces cervicofacial osteomyelitis, pneumonia w/ empyema, and intra-abdominal and pelvic abscesses |
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Describe the cell walls of fungi
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rigid cell walls that contain chitin as well as polysaccharides
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Name and describe the two forms of fungi
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• Yeast: round to ovoid cells that may reproduce by budding
• Mold: complex tubular structures (hyphae) that grow by branching or extension |
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List examples of fungi
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• Aspergillus
• Blastomycosis • Candida • Coccidiodes • Cryptococcus • Histoplasma • Pneumocystis carinii |
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What are different parts of the body that Candida can colonize?
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• mouth (Candida stomatitis or thrush)
• vagina (Vulvovaginitis) • urinary tract • blood stream (can produce sepsis) |
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Which fungus is endemic to the Ohio & Mississippi river valley and produces mild fever and pneumonia?
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• Histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum)
• Blastomycosis (most commonly affects skin, bones, and genitourinary tract) |
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Which fungus is endemic to the southwestern US and produces a self-limited respiratory infection or pneumonia?
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Coccidomycosis (Coccidioides immitis)
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What are clinical manifestations of infection with Cryptococcus?
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• most common clinical manifestation is a chronic meningitis
• can produce a self-limited or chronic pneumonia |
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Name and describe an illness produced by aspergillus
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• acute bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
- an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to Aspergillus colonization of the respiratory tract - produces wheezing and fleeting pulmonary infiltrates in patients with asthma |
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List examples of protozoal organisms that cause disease
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• Babesia microti
• Cryptosporidium • Entamoeba histolytica • Giardia lamblia • Isospora belli • Microsporidium • Plasmodium • Toxoplasma gondii • Tricomonas vaginalis |
