Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Infectious disease
|
One in which a transmissible infectious agent invades through physical barriers such as skin or gastrointestinal mucosa and overcomes innate and adaptive immune defenses to cause injury and disease.
|
|
|
|
Endemic
|
The normal or expected rate of infection in a population or geographic area
|
|
|
|
Commensal
|
They benefit but we are not harmed
|
|
|
|
Pathogens
|
Those that can cause disease
|
|
|
|
Host
|
The infected person, plant, or animal
|
|
|
|
Parasites
|
Organisms that live off of the host
|
|
|
|
Microbes
|
Infectious agents that are usually microscopic
|
|
|
|
Prions
|
Mere molecules a corrupted form of normal brain protein
|
|
|
|
Viruses
|
Packets of nucleic acid encased in a protein coat; have no cell wall or nucleus and have no metabolism
|
|
|
|
Bacteria
|
Much larger than viruses in can be seen by conventional light microscopy
|
|
|
|
Gram stain
|
The universal standard stain
|
|
|
|
Cocci
|
Spherical forms of a bacteria
|
|
|
|
Bacilli
|
Elongated forms of bacteria
|
|
|
|
Coccobacilli
|
Combination of cocci and bacilli
|
|
|
|
Spirochetes
|
Corkscrew shape bacteria
|
|
|
|
Aerobic
|
Bacteria that require oxygen
|
|
|
|
Anaerobic
|
Bacteria that do not require oxygen
|
|
|
|
Molds
|
Those that grow as long, branching multicellular filaments (hyphae)
|
|
|
|
Yeast
|
Go as multicellular clusters of budding brown forms (spores)
|
|
|
|
Protozoa
|
Motile single celled nucleated organisms that are capable of reproducing within cells
|
|
|
|
Helminths
|
Parasitic worms
|
|
|
|
Ectoparasites
|
Small insect like creatures that attach to or live in the skin
|
Fleas ticks bedbugs lice
|
|
|
Virulence
|
The degree of harmfulness of a microbe
|
|
|
|
Tropism
|
A preference for a particular type of cell
|
|
|
|
Bacterial toxin
|
Any bacterial substance that contributes to illness
|
|
|
|
Endotoxin
|
Component of the cell membrane released as the organism dies
|
|
|
|
Exotoxin
|
Product synthesized and excreted by the bacterium
|
|
|
|
Host immunity
|
The cause of tissue damage
|
|
|
|
Chronic inflammation
|
characterized by accumulation of lymphocytes and macrophages
|
|
|
|
Cytopathic reaction
|
Cell death
|
|
|
|
Cytoproliferative reaction
|
Abnormal cell growth
|
|
|
|
Contagion
|
The spread of infection from 1 person to another
|
|
|
|
Community-acquired
|
Infection acquired outside of a hospital
|
|
|
|
nosocomial
|
Infection acquired in a hospital
|
|
|
|
Reservoir
|
A place where the pathogen exists and from which it spreads to new host
|
|
|
|
Carrier
|
A person or animal harboring the pathogen but suffering no obvious disease
|
|
|
|
Fomites
|
Inanimate materials such as door knobs, gloves, bed sheets, or handkerchiefs
|
|
|
|
Septicemia or sepsis
|
When blood is the main infected tissue
|
|
|
|
Incubation period
|
The time between invasion and appearance of signs or symptoms
|
|
|
|
Prodromal period
|
After the incubation period; the patient suffers from mild nonspecific symptoms
|
|
|
|
Acute phase
|
A time of maximum acute typical clinical signs and symptoms
|
|
|
|
Convalescence
|
The period in which symptoms fade
|
|
|
|
Recovery period
|
No symptoms are present but the patient may feel fatigued
|
|
|
|
Rhinoviruses
|
A family of over 100 varieties that are the cause of about half of all cases of the common cold
|
|
|
|
Rhinoviruses
|
A family of over 100 varieties that are the cause of about half of all cases of the common cold
|
|
|
|
Adenovirus
|
Usually infects the upper respiratory tract causing tonsillitis
|
|
|
|
Respiratory syncytial virus
|
A major cause of lower respiratory tract infections during infancy and childhood
|
|
|
|
Influenza
|
Properly refers to an illness caused by influenza viruses
|
|
|
|
Rotavirus
|
The most common cause of severe diarrhea among infants and young children
|
|
|
|
Norovirus
|
Causes about 90 of non-bacterial outbreaks of epidemic gastroenteritis around the world
|
|
|
|
Measles
|
A very highly contagious infection by the measles virus it is spread through nasal and oral secretions
|
|
|
|
Mumps
|
An acute contagious infection caused by the mumps virus it is characterized by painful swelling of the salivary glands usually the parotid
|
|
|
|
Rubella
|
A contagious virus infection by the rubella virus. May be asymptomatic or may cause a brief mild febrile illness featuring Adinopathy rash
|
|
|
|
poliomyelitis
|
An acute contagious infection caused by the polio virus it is spread by oral fecal contamination
|
|
|
|
Hepatitis A virus
|
The cause of acute viral hepatitis an epidemic form of hepatitis transmitted by oral fecal contamination
|
|
|
|
Coxsackie virus
|
Classed into two subtypes A & B type A infection is tropic for oral mucosa and skin type B infection is tropic for heart lungs pancreas in nervous systems in causes inflammation of those organs
|
|
|
|
Latent virus infections
|
Those in which the virus in noninfectious form but can periodically reactivate to cause recurrent disease in new infections
|
|
|
|
herpes simplex virus
|
Has two subtypes type 1 and type 2 type 1 is usually associated with oral cold sores and type 2 with genital herpes
|
|
|
|
Herpes zoster virus or varicella-zoster virus
|
Closely related to the herpes simplex virus the acute infection is chickenpox
|
|
|
|
Shingles
|
Local outcroppings of painful small blisters reactivated from the chicken pox
|
|
|
|
cytomegalovirus
|
A variety of herpes virus that infects blood monocytes in related cells and causes a wide array of illnesses depending on host age and immune status
|
|
|
|
Human immunodeficiency virus
|
infect the nucleus of T cells in uses is RNA to make DNA which it splices into host cell DNA and thereby takes over host cell metabolism
|
|
|
|
Opportunistic infections
|
Infections by organisms that do not cause disease in people with healthy immune systems
|
|
|
|
Productive infections
|
Those in which the virus persists in infectious form and continues to replicate and cause chronic injury
|
|
|
|
Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus
|
The agents of distinctive types of chronic viral hepatitis each is associated with chronic productive scarring of the liver
|
|
|
|
Transformative infections
|
Those in which the virus persist in infectious form and can stimulate the transformation of normal tissue into a neoplasm
|
|
|
|
Epstein-barr virus
|
The agent of infectious mononucleosis a short term febrile illness of young adults. An endemic in many populations and can produce chronic infection that has been linked to the development of some non-hodgkin's lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
|
|
|
|
Human papillomavirus
|
Infect skin and squamous mucosa
|
|
|
|
Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus
|
A sluggishly malignant skin tumor that is endemic in the Mediterranean basin and Africa
|
|
|
|
Staphylococci
|
gram positive cocci that cause acute pyogenic infections. Grows and tight clusters and has characteristics that tend to cause localized intense inflammation.
|
|
|
|
Streptococci
|
Cause a wide variety of pyogenic infections of skin pharynx lungs and heart valves. Tend to grow in twisted chains into spread along surfaces in tissue planes.
|
|
|
|
Alpha hemolytic
|
The cause of lobar pneumonia
|
|
|
|
Beta hemolytic group A
|
Typically cause infection of superficial services such as pharynx or skin
|
|
|
|
Beta hemolytic group B
|
A major cause of neonatal pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis, and in adults are frequent culprits in urinary tract infections.
|
|
|
|
Beta hemolytic Group D
|
Streptococci key are in aerobic
|
|
|
|
Diphtheria
|
an acute pharyngeal or skin infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, an anaerobic, gram positive bacillus pass through respiratory droplets or skin contact.
|
|
|
|
listeriosis
|
features bacteremia, meningitis, encephalitis, and dermatitis.
|
pregnant women, the elderly, in the immunodeficient are especially vulnerable.
|
|
|
Anthrax
|
A large toxin-producing, encapsulated, aerobic or anaerobic gram positive bacillus that produces spores capable of lying dormant in soil for decades or longer.
|
Bacillus anthracis
|
|
|
nocardiosis
|
An acute or chronic, typically disseminated infection caused by various species of nocardia
|
|
|
|
Clostridium
|
Gram-positive anaerobic bacilli that grow in animal feces in soil
|
|
|
|
Pseudomembranous colitis
|
A severe inflammatory disease of the colon
|
|
|
|
Tetanus
|
An acute poisoning from a neurotoxin that infects deep puncture wounds and releases a neurotoxin that causes severe muscle spasms and convulsions
|
|
|
|
Botulism
|
A paralytic poisoning that grows in inadequately sterilized canned foods and releases a potent neurotoxin that blocks release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction.
|
|
|
|
meningococcus
|
An important cause of meningitis especially in young children typically carried in the throw of about 10 of the population in a spread by respiratory droplets
|
|
|
|
Meningococcal meningitis
|
Often occurs when people encounter new subtypes to which they are not immune, which typically occurs among children in daycare or school or in young adults living in college dormitories or military barracks
|
|
|
|
Pertussis or whooping cough
|
A highly communicable disease of children featuring paroxysms of severe coughing accompanied by a final inspiratory whistle
|
|
|
|
Spotted fevers
|
The most common of which is Rocky Mountain spotted fever occurs mainly in the Southeast United States and the Americas
|
Wood ticks and dog ticks are the natural reservoir in transmitted disease by skin bite
|
|
|
Epidemic typhus
|
Transmitted by body lice living on people who are in close quarters and do not change clothing regularly
|
|
|
|
Scrub typhus
|
Natural reservoir is rule rodents such as field mice it is transmitted to humans by the bite of a type of might commonly known as a chigger or from person to person by body lice
|
|
|
|
Lyme disease
|
Named after the Connecticut town where it was first discovered in the 1970 S is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi
|
|
|
|
mycobacteria
|
A family of, shaped aerobic bacilli that cause chronic infection
|
TB
|
|
|
Acid fast
|
widely used to denote all mycobacteria
|
|
|
|
Tuberculosis Tb
|
A major chronic, progressive communicable disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Most commonly in the lungs and usually features a period of latency sometimes for many years following initial infection
|
|
|
|
caseous necrosis
|
Semi-solid crumbly, necrotic tissue
|
|
|
|
primary TB
|
About 90 percent of infections are arrested in the lungs or bronchial lymph nodes by the immune system and become dormant without symptoms of disease
|
|
|
|
Primary progressive TB
|
the music down cannot control spread and infection immediately progresses to active disease
|
|
|
|
reactivation TB
|
Arises from dormant primary TB because the patient has developed a chronic, debilitating disease such as diabetes, chronic lung disease, or malignancy
|
|
|
|
ghan tubercule
|
Initial lung lesion
|
|
|
|
Ghon complex
|
Lesions in infected mediastinal lymph nodes
|
|
|
|
Miliary TB
|
Widespread blood-borne spread to other organs, a pathological appearance
|
|
|
|
Secondary Tb
|
The pattern of disease. Arises in previously infected and sensitised persons in whom the initial infection was contained by the immune system
|
|
|
|
caseating granulomas
|
prior immune sensitization results in acumulation of macrophages and lymphocytes around foci of tubercule bacilli and necrotic tissue
|
|
|
|
Mantoux test
|
A skin test for infection
|
|
|
|
Leprosy
|
A chronic infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae, which has tropism for the low temperature found in peripheral nerves, skin, and the oral respiratory mucous membranes
|
|
|
|
Blastomycosis, coccidioidiomycosis , cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis
|
Widespread in soil and dust or in areas with heavy bird droppings , acquired by inhalation, lungs are the primary site of infection
|
Collectively they are referred to as the deep mycoses
|
|
|
Aspergillosis
|
Fungi that are widespread in nature
|
|
