Infectious Disease

Front 1

Who read Pasteur, then promoted antiseptic surgery and introduced carbolic acid and gloves?

Back 1

Joseph Lister

Front 2

What causes purpura?

Back 2

Lack of clotting factors due to lack of Vit K leads to bleeding under the skin

Front 3

Describe these Host-Parasite Relationships:

Symbiotic
Commensal
Saprophytic
Parasitic

Back 3

Symbiotic - mutual benefit

Commensal - hitching a ride; doesn't harm or help host

Saprophytic - lives off of dead material

Parasitic - harmful to host

- organisms can belong to more than one category

Front 4

Host resistance

Back 4

an organism's ability to fight disease

infection ≠ disease

Front 5

What is the Iceberg concept of infection?

Back 5

Front 6

What are the five layers of skin?

Back 6

Superficial Layer
Intermediate Layer
Parabasal Layer
Basal Layer
Basement Membrane

Front 7

What are the five barriers to infection?

Back 7

- Mechanical
- Secretions
- Epithelial
- Chemical
- Microbial (the normal flora)

Front 8

What actions do host cells take to combat infection?

Back 8

- Limit the spread of the agent
- Destroy the agent
- Prepare the area of damage for later repair

Front 9

What is the neutrophil's role in infection?

Back 9

- first responders among the leukocytes
- non-specific response
- phagocytic

Front 10

What is the lymphocyte's role in infection?

Back 10

- inflammation & immunity
- specific- remove or confine foreign substance
- antibody immunity and cellular immunity

Front 11

Candida Albicans

Back 11

Causes oral candidiasis and thrush

- present in mouth, GI, skin & vagina of many normal individuals
- in immune impaired host, it can invade and cause disease
- some agents are always pathogenic, others only sometimes "opportunistic pathogens"

Front 12

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Front 14

What is the organism classification strata?

Back 14

King Philip can only grow strawberries

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Genus
Species

Front 15

What is the process for gram staining?

Back 15

1. Heat fix bacterial smear
2. Crystal violet & iodine
3. water rinse -> alcohol rinse -> water rinse
4. Safranin counterstain
5. Final water rinse

Front 16

What color will gram positive rods color when gram stained?

Gram negative?

Back 16

Gram pos - purple

Gram neg - red

Front 17

What occurs when Mycobacterium tuberculosis is gram stained?

Back 17

Nothing, it does not respond to gram stain; must do Ziehl-Neilson

Front 18

What is the process for the Ziehl-Neilson Acid Fast stain?

Back 18

1. Heat fix bacterial smear
2. carbolfuschin -> heat
3. water rinse -> acid alcohol -> water rinse
4. Loeffer's Methylene blue counterstain
5. Final water rinse

Front 19

Describe the oxygen tolerance of Facultatively Aerobic organisms

Back 19

can grow with or without oxygen

Front 20

How may infectious organisms are aerobic?

Back 20

very few

Front 21

What are the four common typing properties for organisms?

Back 21

1. Growth requirements
2. Biochemical properties (what they produce)
3. Immunotyping (antibodies directed at organism)
4. Generic typing (PCR, electrophoresis, other)

Front 22

What is the Kirby Bauer method?

Back 22

antibiotic impregnated discs are set in the agar plate

- if the antibiotic has good inhibition, no growth around disc
- if no inhibition, bacteria will grow right up to disc

Front 23

In the developed world, are most infectious organisms endogenous or exogenous?

Back 23

endogenous

Front 24

What are the three mechanisms of cellular injury by infectious organisms?

Back 24

1. Direct tissue invasion
2. Toxin production
3. Immunologically mediated
- strong immune reaction - TB
- cross antigenicity - streptococcus
- immune complex formation - streptococcus

Front 25

Bacteremia

Septicemia

Back 25

Bacteremia - the presence of viable bacteria w/in the blood

Septicemia - the presence of various pus forming organisms or their toxins in the blood

Front 26

Sepsis

Back 26

A systemic disease caused by septic organisms or their toxins in the blood

- chills, fever, ↓ BP, impaired cardiac function, shock

Front 27

Shock

Back 27

a condition where the supply of the circulation does not meet the demands of the body

Front 28

What are the three Streptococcal Hemolytic Reactions?

Back 28

Front 29

What is the most dangerous type of strep?

Back 29

Group A β hemolytic

- Streptococcus pyogenes

Front 30

What are some of the serious illnesses caused by strep?

Back 30

- pharyngitis
- cellulitis
- impetigo
- endocarditis
- rheumatic fever
- scarlet fever
- puerperal sepsis

Front 31

shigella

Back 31

bacillary dysentary
(fecal oral)

Front 32

What accounted for the gradual decline in tuberculosis in the US in the first half of the 20th century?

For the steep incline in the 1950's?

Back 32

1st half - better living conditions

50's - antibiotics

Front 33

How does the body respond to TB in healthy individuals?

In the immunocompromised?

Back 33

Healthy people form a granuloma around TB

Immunocompromised or weak, the body is unable to encapsulate the TB

Front 34

Treponema palladium

Back 34

syphilis

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Front 38

What are three ways viruses replicate and survive?

Back 38

1. Lysing the host cell and producing numerous progeny
2. Budding
3. Incorporate into host's DNA (long term survival)

Front 39

What are the steps of the viral multiplication cycle?

Back 39

1. Attachment to cell surface
2. Penetration
3. Uncoating
4. Transcription of mRNA
5. Translation of early proteins
6. Replication of viral DNA
7. Transcription of mRNA
8. Translation of late proteins
9. Assembly of virons
10. Release

Front 40

Fungal disease

Back 40

Plantlike, but lack pigments to generate sugar from sunlight

- live by saprophytic or parasitic means
- two types: yeast, molds

Front 41

Trichophyton tonsurans

Back 41

ringworm

Front 42

What is the pathophysiology of Entamoeba histolytica?

Where is it endemic?

Back 42

Flask shaped ulcer in colon wall

Mexico & South America (fecal oral)