Infectious And Communicable Diseases

Front 1

Virulence

Back 1

The strength of the organism

Front 2

What are the stages of infectious disease?

Back 2

Incubation period, window phase, communicable period, and latent period.

Front 3

Incubation period and Window Phase

Back 3

Incubation period- The interval between exposure to an agent and the first appearance of symptoms.

Window Phase- The period after infection in which the antigen is present but no antibody is detectable

Front 4

Communicable period and Latent period

Back 4

Communicable-The period after infection in which the disease can be transmitted to another host

Latent-The infectious agent can't be transmitted at this point

Front 5

What is the disease period?

Back 5

The interval between the first appearance of symptoms associated with the infection and the resolution of the symptoms or death

Front 6

What is a Prokaryotic bacteria?

Back 6

The nuclear material is not contained in a distinct envelope. They can self-reproduce without a host cell.

Front 7

Are viruses prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Back 7

Eukaryotic

Front 8

What are some examples of the first lines of defense in the body?

Back 8

The skin, turbinates in the nose, intestinal flora

Front 9

What happens if an infectious agent bypasses the first lines of a body's defense?

Back 9

The body displays an inflammatory response caused by local cellular injury.

Front 10

What is the second line of defense?

Back 10

A response by neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, basophils, and natural killer cells.

Front 11

What is the third line of defense?

Back 11

The immune system, primarily the lymphocyte.

Front 12

Humoral vs. Cell mediated immunity

Back 12

Humoral immunity- a time consuming process in which B lymphocytes produce daughter cells, which produce plasma cells that eventually produce antibodies.

Cell mediated immunity- A time consuming response in which T lymphocytess coordinate the activity of other components of the immune system to deal with the foreign invaders.

Front 13

What is the RES?

Back 13

Reticuloendothelial system, which consists of fighter cells in the spleen, lymph nodes, liver, bone marrow, lungs, and intestines. It helps the lymphatic system get rid of cellular debris that the immune system created.

Front 14

HIV

Back 14

Human Immunodeficiency Virus, that is transmitted through bodily fluids, either through sex or percutanous routes. Causes a decrease in CD4 or T helper cells. Initial symptoms can be malaise, swelling of the lymph nodes, diarrhea, weight loss. It progresses to AIDS in a matter of weeks to years.

Front 15

What is the difference between AIDS and HIV?

Back 15

The diagnosis of AIDS is made when the CD4 and Helper T cells count falls below 250 mm.

Front 16

How is Hepatitis A spread?

Back 16

Oral-fecal route

Front 17

Tuberculosis

Back 17

Caused by a bacteria, transmitted through aerosolized nuclei or prolonged exposure to a person with active TB. The infection is active in the air but inactive once it hits a surface. Symptoms start gradually, fever, malaise, night sweats, and a cough with hemoptysis.

Front 18

How is meningitis typically spread to prehospital providers?

Back 18

Through intubation and CPR

Front 19

What are the two categories that pneumonia is usually classified in?

Back 19

Community acquired and hospital acquired

Front 20

Tetanus causes

Back 20

Caused by a bacterial spore that attacks the musculoskeletal system. The causitive agent is usually found in the soil and GI tract of animals, and is usually introduced into the body through burns, wounds, or other trauma to the skin.

Front 21

Signs and symptoms of Tetanus

Back 21

Muscular tetany (prolonged muscle contractions) of the jaw and neck, that can be strong enough to cause fractures. Abdominal rigidity, facial contortion, and respiratory failure are signs.

Front 22

Rabies cause and transmission

Back 22

A viral infection of mammals is usually transmitted through a bite wound. The infection infects a muscle, then travels to the CNS, then to the eyes, heart, skin and mouth.

Front 23

What are the phases of rabies?

Back 23

Prodrome, excitatory, and paralytic.

Front 24

What is hydrophobia in rabies?

Back 24

This is considered a classic diagnostic manifestation of rabies, where there is a forceful, painful expulsion of liquids when the patient attempts to swallow.

Front 25

Hantavirus

Back 25

An infection caused by rodents (deer mice in New Mexico). In Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, which is present in the Americas, the patient will be febrile, hypotensive, and presents with pulmonary edema, sometimes very acutely.

Front 26

Mumps

Back 26

An acute viral infection that causes swelling of the parotid and salivary glands. Patients with mumps are at risk for developing aseptic meningitis. Mumps are spread through droplet transmission.

Front 27

Mumps signs and symptoms

Back 27

Low grade fever, headache, malaise, upper and lower respiratory symptoms, swelling of the parotid and salivary glands, but can also cause the tongue to swell.

Front 28

Rubella

Back 28

AKA German measles/3-day measles. Spread through the inhalation of the virus, usually through close, prolonged exposure. Symptoms: headache, low grade fever, conjunctivitis, lymphs nodes become swollen and tender, rash on the face, trunk, and extremities.

Front 29

Measles

Back 29

Highly contagious (considered one of the most contagious infectious diseases). Affects the respiratory system, CNS, mouth, and pharynx, with a rash on the skin.

Front 30

Signs and symptoms of measles?

Back 30

Hacking cough, conjunctivitis, swelling of the eyelids, photophobia, high fever, Koplik spots in the mucosa, rash that begins behind the ears or on the forehead and progresses down the body.

Front 31

Pertussis

Back 31

AKA Whooping Cough. Transmitted by airborne droplets, starts off as an URI, sudden coughing that is very severe, and has inspiratory stridor during the coughing episodes. The cough can last weeks to months.

Front 32

Mononucleosis

Back 32

Caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, a member of the herpes family. Spread through saliva and secretions of the oropharynx. Causes fever, sore throat, swelling of the lymph nodes, fatigue, and spleenomegaly.

Front 33

What is known as the "great imitator"?

Back 33

Secondary syphilis, because it can mimic other clinical conditions

Front 34

What is Argyll Robertson Pupil?

Back 34

Caused by tertiary syphilis, the pupil constricts to accomodation but not to light.

Front 35

Gonorrhea

Back 35

An STD caused by a bacteria. If a woman's cervix becomes infected, she can have complications such as ectopic pregnancies and infertility. Some men will not have any symptoms. It can be spread to the eyes, which can lead to blindness.

Front 36

Chlamydia

Back 36

The most common STD. The infection is often asymptomatic, but even while asymptomatic, it can still cause complications. It can affect the eyes, genital area, respiratory system and oropharynx.

Front 37

What is the leading cause of preventable blindness world wide?

Back 37

Chlamydia

Front 38

Herpes

Back 38

A viral infection, divided into HSV-1 (oropharyngeal) and HSV-2 (genital infections). The virus enters latent periods then reactivates on occasion.

Front 39

Lyme disease

Back 39

A tick or arthropod-borne disease that infects many people, caused by a bacteria. It affects the skin, CNS, cardiovascular system, and joints.

Front 40

What is the most common vector borne disease?

Back 40

Lyme disease

Front 41

Gastroenteritis

Back 41

Any infection that causes, as a primary symptom, an inflammation of the stomach lining and intestinal tract. Usually transmitted through contaminated water or the oral fecal route.

Front 42

What is the Ryan White act?

Back 42

A law that allows exposed employees to request the infection status of the patient they were exposed to, however the patient doesn't have to comply. It also requires that employers designate a person or officer within the organization to whom an exposed employee must report.

Front 43

Presence of fever is...

Back 43

helpful. Absence of fever means nothing.

Front 44

What are general symptoms of an infection?

Back 44

Fever, Malaise, Fatigue, Loss of Appetite (anorexia), subjective weakness, nausea/vomiting/diarrhea, myalgias and arthralgias, headache, dehydration, lymphadenopathy

Front 45

Low, medium and high fevers

Back 45

Low: 100-102

Med: 102-104

High: 104+

Front 46

Fever vs. Hyperthermia

Back 46

Fever is when the hypothalamus raises the thermostat. Hyperthermia is caused by an external source of heat.

Front 47

Rigors

Back 47

Chills before a fever. Occur as your temperature is rising.

Front 48

Inflection point

Back 48

point on a graph where the line changes

Front 49

Should you externally cool a fever?

Back 49

No, will only worsen the chills and cause the body to expend energy. Cool a fever with NSAIDS/ Antipyretics

Front 50

What is the inflection point at which a fever begins to be associated with a bacterial infection?

Back 50

38C (100.4F)

Front 51

What will Dr. Brown yell at you if you write about a fever?

Back 51

"Almost a fever"

Front 52

Lethargy vs. Malaise

Back 52

Lethargy is much more serious, indicates sepsis. Lethargy will get them a sepsis work up. A lethargic kid will not respond to stimuli in the environment, such as a dr. entering the room.

Malaise- general unwell feeling, kid is crabby.

Front 53

Vector

Back 53

Getting the infection from another person/organism

Front 54

Fomite

Back 54

Inanimate objects covered in the pathogen

Front 55

What is usually the most severe infections?

Back 55

Bacteria- but also usually the easiest

Front 56

Parasites

Back 56

Eukaryotes, can be multicellular or unicellular,

Front 57

Host resistance

Back 57

The ability to fight off infection

Front 58

Ignorance vs. Nescience

Back 58

Ignorance- not knowing something you should know

Nescience- not knowing something you have no reason to know

Front 59

Name some anatomic barriers (nonspecific host defenses)

Back 59

Skin, turbinates, nasal hairs, mucus, bacterial flora, stomach acid

Front 60

Inflammatory response

Back 60

WBCs rush to scene, capillaries become leaky so WBCs can get out but bacteria can get in

Front 61

Why do we often spike a fever?

Back 61

Bacteria and viruses often can't handle a spike in temperature and get destroyed

Front 62

Homeopathy

Back 62

"same pathology", medicine promotes the symptoms you came in for. They believe the more dilute the medicine is, the more effective, and that water has a memory of what was once in it.

Front 63

Humoral vs. Cell Mediated Immunity (Basic description)

Back 63

Humoral- stuff dissolved in the plasma

Cell-mediated- WBCs

Front 64

Carrier

Back 64

A person who has a disease but is not ill

Front 65

Reservoir

Back 65

A place where organisms live and multiply, such as AC units

Front 66

Plasmids

Back 66

Contain related genes that do one thing together. Bacteria can learn to resist antibiotics, trade plasmids and "teach" other bacteria and across other species, like Staph

Front 67

Patients who have had their spleen out are at a higher risk for...

Back 67

Encapsulated bacteria, Meningococcus, Pneumococcus, Salmonella

Front 68

Who is likely to have their spleen removed?

Back 68

Patients with sickle cell

Front 69

Zoonotic

Back 69

Diseases that are communicable from other animals to humans

Front 70

Horizontal vs. Vertical modes of transmission

Back 70

Horizontal- droplet transmission, sexual contact

Vertical- transmission from mom to baby during pregnancy and delivery

Front 71

Altered mentation in an extreme of age, you should think of.....

Back 71

Sepsis

Front 72

Know Slide 28 of Ch 31 Infectious Diseases powerpoint

Back 72

Common childhood infections

Front 73

When we sew a wound shut, we _________ the chance of infection.

Back 73

INCREASE

Front 74

Geriatric patient +AMS... think?

Back 74

Sepsis

Front 75

Vessicles.... think?

Back 75

Herpes

Front 76

Sudden onset of sore throat and fever, swelling of the palate, tonsils, and lymph nodes in young kids.....

Back 76

Tonsilitis

Front 77

MAcular

Back 77

broad, flat areas that aren't raised

Front 78

Papules

Back 78

Raised bumps like braille

Front 79

What is the most superficial of the skin infections?

Back 79

Impetigo (in the stratum corneum)

Front 80

Mumps

Back 80

Inflammation of the parotid gland, makes it tender or sore, a virus that attacks the salivary gland. Fever, respiratory infection. Post puberty, men's testicles can swell up, and can even lead to sterility. Swelling will be asymmetric. Kids shouldn't be that sick.

Front 81

What are pustules a hallmark of?

Back 81

Systemic gynococcus

Front 82

Chancre is a hallmark of?

Back 82

Painless, raised with a loss of epithelium, a hallmark of syphilis

Front 83

Strep + rash=?

Back 83

Scarlet fever

Front 84

What is Violaceous Purpura and what does it indicate?

Back 84

Purple hives, means meningococcal sepsis

Front 85

What is Kaposi's sarcoma?

Back 85

Purple, fleshy spots on the skin, pathognomonic of AIDs

Front 86

Morbiliform rash is a hallmark of:

Back 86

Scarlet Fever (feels like sandpaper)

Front 87

Jaundice usually indicates:

Back 87

Liver Failure, but can also indicate Addison's, eating too many carrots.

Front 88

If the whites of your eyes turn yellow....

Back 88

That's an indication of true jaundice. Sclero Icterus

Front 89

Circumoral Pallor + Exudative Pharyngitis=?

Back 89

Pale circle around the mouth with white flocking in their pharynx= Strep

Front 90

What is Brudzinski's sign indicative of?

Back 90

Meningitis

Front 91

Hallmarks of strep

Back 91

-Tachycardia disproportionate to the fever

-swelling of the lymph nodes under the jaw, in front of the ear

-fever of 102F

-White patches in the throat

-"strep smell"

-Pharyngitis

-Mobiliform rash

Front 92

How much should a fever affect your heart rate?

Back 92

10 beats for every 1 degree increase

Front 93

Brudzinski's sign:

Back 93

Flexion of the neck causes flexion of the hips and knees, indicates Meningitis

Front 94

Kernig's sign

Back 94

Lifting the knees, causes the head to flex up, indicated Meningitis

Front 95

Coated tongue

Back 95

A tongue with exudate

Front 96

Chills, fever, fatigue, chronic cough, weight loss, night sweats, hemoptysis

Back 96

TB

Front 97

Acute onset of chills, fever, dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, cough, adventitious breath sounds:

Back 97

Pneumonia

Front 98

Adventitious breath sounds

Back 98

Abnormal lung sounds

Front 99

"Spider bites" everywhere indicates?

Back 99

MRSA

Front 100

Sore throat, red, sandpapery rash, white coating covers the dorsum of the tongue with reddened papillae projecting through (strawberry tongue)

Back 100

Scarlet fever

Front 101

Centrifugal Vesicular Rash

Back 101

"moving from the center outward"- this rash begins on the torso, then moves to the extremities, indicates Chickenpox

Front 102

A cold suddenly becomes significant respiratory distress.... (Local)

Back 102

Hantavirus

Front 103

A cold suddenly becomes significant respiratory distress... (Recent travel to Asia)

Back 103

SARS

Front 104

Stridor, seal bark cough, nocturnal occurence with acute distress, tachypnea, and retractions

Back 104

Croup

Front 105

Presents similar to a severe cold with fever, conjunctivitis, photphobia, cough, congestion, non-palpable, diffuse, punctuate red rash.

Back 105

Measles

Front 106

Painful enlargement of salivary glands, symptoms of a cold with an earache, difficulty chewing and swallowing

Back 106

Mumps

Front 107

Fatigue, fever, aches, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, severe myocardial depression

Back 107

Legionella

Front 108

Decreased LOC, fever, headache, drowsiness, coma, tremors, stiff headache

Back 108

Meningitis that has become encephalitis

Front 109

Characterized by intense itching, subcutaneous streaks

Back 109

Scabies

Front 110

Prodromes: Malaise, headache, fever, chills, sore throat, myalgias, anorexia, nvd

Encephalitic phase: excessive motor activity, excitation, agitation

Back 110

Rabies

Front 111

Hydrophobia

Back 111

Rabies patients' throat swells up, and even though theyre thirsty, if they try to drink water, they end up choking on it

Front 112

Pain and stiffness in the jaw, muscle spasms, and respiratory arrest

Back 112

Tetanus

Front 113

Bull's eye rash

Back 113

Lyme Disease

Front 114

Early disseminated, spreads to the skin, NS, heart, and joints

Back 114

Lyme Disease stage 2

Front 115

What's the best way to remove ticks?

Back 115

Splinter tweezers, grab as close to the head as you can. Touch their butt with something hot, or put alcohol on them.

Front 116

When does Lyme disease occur?

Back 116

After 24 hours of the tick being present in your skin

Front 117

How long does it take the bulls eye rash to appear?

Back 117

1-3 days

Front 118

Looks like a chacre but it hurts.

Back 118

Chancroid

Front 119

Looks like millet grains in hair

Back 119

Lice

Front 120

A legion on a scrotum is.....

Back 120

Life threatening until proven otherwise

Front 121

Fournier's Gangrene

Back 121

necrotizing infection/gangrene affecting the perineum. CAN CAUSE DEATH. Risk factors: middle age+, obesity, poor hygeine, diabetes, immunocompromised. Requires IV ABX and debridement

Front 122

Epithelium

Back 122

Stratum corneum and germanium. Where impetigo occurs

Front 123

Superficial cellulitis

Back 123

If an infection occurs between the epidermis and the dermis

Front 124

Fascia

Back 124

Tough seran wrap like layer, when infected becomes fascitis---- when it infects down to the muscle, it is considered necrotizing fascitis.

Front 125

Deep Necrotizing fascitis signs and symptoms

Back 125

Bouli ( big blisters), especially filled with blood (pathognomonic), where there hasn't been any dematitis or burn. Hallmark: A lot of pain, very tender, pain out of proportion to appearance + bouli (especially hemorrhagic bouli)

Front 126

Necrotizing fascitis

Back 126

Infection of the subcutaneous tissue and the fascia. It progresses rapidly, within a few hours. It is treated with surgical debridement and IV abx.

Front 127

Runny nose, congestion, followed by wheezing, dyspnea, and signs of respiratory distress. Most kids have had it by age 2:

Back 127

Bronchiolitis

Front 128

Killer cough, can't catch breath, looks like it could kill, looks okay in between

Back 128

Pertussis

Front 129

What do you not give antitussives for?

Back 129

A productive cough (Pertussis!!)

Front 130

What is the best antitussive?

Back 130

Codeine

Front 131

Fatigue, followed by fever, sore throat, oral discharges, enlarged tender lymph nodes. Check the spleen.....

Back 131

Mono

Front 132

Transmitted in saliva, commonly infects the oropharynx, face, lips, skin, fingers, and toes. Will have fluid filled vesicles that develop into cold sores.

Back 132

HSV-1

Front 133

Why is an active HSV-2 infection an indication for C-section?

Back 133

The baby can get a life threatening encephalitis

Front 134

Why is herpes painful?

Back 134

In the sensory nerves

Front 135

Herpes varicella vs. Herpes Zoster

Back 135

Varicella- chickenpox

Zoster- shingles

Front 136

Sepsis can go from treatable to fatal in....

Back 136

2 hours

Front 137

HIV

Back 137

Doesn't present in a very specific way. A retrovirus, can be treated with anti-retrovirals.

Transmitted through body fluids (blood, semen, verticle transmission). Kills CD4 T cells.

Symptoms: fever, weight loss, malaise, headache, neuropathy, sores and thrush in the mouth, rash, sores of the esophagus, myalgia, liver and spleen enlargement...

Front 138

Risk titration

Back 138

When you being making poor decisions because you feel safer, such as driving faster because you have a seatbelt.

Front 139

How is HIV measured?

Back 139

Viral load and CD4 T Cell levels (HIV kills these T cells)

Front 140

Incidence vs. Prevalence

Back 140

Incidence- number of new cases per year

Prevalence- number of people who have the disease.

Front 141

Unintended weight loss in a "risk factor group" (IV drug abuser, gay man, etc.)=

Back 141

Suspect HIV

Front 142

When does HIV become AIDS?

Back 142

When the patient gets an "AIDS defining illness" disease that would not infect most healthy individuals

AIDS is a change in clinical status after they become HIV+

Front 143

Ascites

Back 143

Edema in the abdomen, fluid weeps into the peritoneal space.

Front 144

Hepatitis A

Back 144

Infectious or Viral Hepatitis, transmitted through fecal-oral. Lasts a few weeks

Front 145

A- mouth

B

C

D

E- end

Back 145

A and E are fecal oral transmission, BCD are transmitted through bodily fluids

Front 146

Hepatitis

Back 146

Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, general fatigue and malaise, low grade fever, right upper quadrant pain that is diffuse, if they were a smoker, they sometimes lose interest in cigarettes.

Front 147

IS HIV or Hepatitis more likely to kill health care workers?

Back 147

Hepatitis

Front 148

Hepatitis B

Back 148

Incubation period is 45-200 day, there is a vaccine available. Most people get sick for a few weeks then it goes away. Some people become carriers and it becomes a chronic disease, can result in liver failure.

Front 149

Hep C

Back 149

Most common chronic bloodborne infection in the US, the leading cause of liver transplant. Incubation period is 2-24 weeks, there is no vaccine.

Front 150

When you lose your voice, you probably have..

Back 150

Laryngitis

Front 151

Pediatric patient who is drooling, not talking, looks scared and not toxic

Back 151

Pediatric Epiglottitis

Front 152

Adult patient with a "hot potato voice", worse sore throat ever, look in their throat and it looks okay

Back 152

Adult epiglottitis

Front 153

Miliary Tuberculosis

Back 153

Systemic TB, can occur in the skeleton, kidneys, or brain.

Front 154

TB high risk populations

Back 154

Nursing homes, healthcare facilities, prisons, medically underserved populations, people from underdeveloped country

Front 155

What happens when people overdose on Isoniazid and they are seizing?

Back 155

Give Vitamin B6

Front 156

Persistent Hemoptysis for more than 3 weeks is...

Back 156

TB until proven otherwise

Front 157

What most commonly causes Pneumonia?

Back 157

Strep

Front 158

Influenza vs. Cold

Back 158

Influenza- Fever more than 102F, repiratory component, malaise, myalgias and arthralgias, non-productive cough, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, rigors

Cold- Fever less than 101F, mucus production, respiratory component, productive cough, rhinorrhea

Front 159

How does Influenza kill patients?

Back 159

Pneumonia leads the way to ARDS late in the illness, or paves the way for pneumonia.

Front 160

SARS

Back 160

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, a viral respiratory illness that appeared in China in 2002, became a global threat in 2003, transmitted via close contact, acts like the flu, then turns into ARDS

Front 161

Hantavirus

Back 161

Looks like a cold or flu for a week, then rapidly progresses into respiratory failure.

Front 162

Sundowner syndrome

Back 162

Seen in older people with dementia, at night when the house gets dark and they get really disoriented and agitated. Can look like delirium. Can get worse with Valium.

Front 163

Sunset sign

Back 163

A sign of hydrocephalus in kiddos, can't look up, indicates increased intracranial pressure.

Front 164

West Nile Virus

Back 164

Mosquito borne, incubation period 3-14 days

Front 165

Gastroenteritis

Back 165

Last 12-24 hours, must have vomiting and diarrhea to call it gastroenteritis.

Front 166

Sepsis signs and symptoms

Back 166

-Tachycardia (greater than 90 beats a minute)

-Tachypnea

-Fever or abnormally low temperature (greater than 38 or less than 36)

-High white count OR low white count

-CO2 less than 32 mmHg

-Skin flushed and warm even though they are in shock

Front 167

Sepsis treatment

Back 167

-Give fluids to normalize their pressure (the longer they are hypotensive, the higher the mortality), oxygen,

Front 168

Rescue position- how to tell if they need more fluids

Back 168

If their HR goes down by 20 or systolic BP goes up by 10, they need more fluids

Front 169

The definitive treatment for septic shock is.......?

Back 169

Vasoconstrictors

Front 170

Bubonic Plague

Back 170

-Lymph nodes swell and grow together and necrose (become buboes)

-Still in 4 corners areas

-treated with ABX

-transmitted from prarie dogs

Front 171

Pneumonic plague

Back 171

-Bubonic plague in the lungs- 100% fatal.

-Emergent that their med professionals get prophylaxis

-cough up black stuff

-transmitted through droplets from human to human

-Rapidly develops from a "cold" to pneumonia to fatal in 36 hours

Front 172

Polio pathophysiology

Back 172

A virus that damages the motor function of nerves, can cause paralysis. Can develop later into post-polio syndrome later in life. Fecal-oral transmission.