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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define abortion
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Expulsion of a dead fetus or a living one that is unable to maintain independent life
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Define premature birth
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Preterm birth of viable immature fetus
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Define still birth
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Birth of a fetus that is fully developed but born dead
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Name 2 conditions where the fetus may not be expelled after dying and a common characteristic of the two.
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Fetal maceration
Fetal mummification Persistence of luteal tissue |
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What is the normal abortion rate of cattle?
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2-5%
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What is the normal abortion rate of goats?
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5%
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Name organisms that are of zoonotic concern.
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Brucella abortus, ovis, melitensis
Toxoplasma gondii Listeria monocytogenes Leptospirosis Coxiella burnetti - Q-fever Salmonella typhimurium Chlamydia psittaci |
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Bovine Brucellosis:
What is the Brucella species that infects bovine? What period of gestation does abortion occur? How does infection most commonly occur? What are some characteristic lesions? How can it be prevented? |
- Brucella abortus
- Last/third trimester - Infection - ingestion of contaminated feed or water - contamination of aborted genital discharges - brownish, yellow pasty exudates on uterochorionic space; bronchopneumonia in fetus; fetal membranes are edematous, leathery, hemorrhagic and necrotic - Vaccination w/BR51 @ 4-10 months of age |
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Bovine Leptospirosis:
What are the two most important species? When does each of these species cause abortion? How does infection usually occur? Are gross lesions common? How is it prevented? |
- L. pomona and L. hardjo
- Last trimester and all stages of gestation, respectively. - infected water, feed; can gain access through abrasions on skin (feet and legs) and through mucous membranes - No, gross lesions are not common - Vaccination = 5 way |
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Bovine Listeriosis:
What is the species? What kind of organism is Listeria? When do abortions occur? What are some fetal lesions? What causes the clinical picture following abortion? |
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Gram + - Last trimester - small, pin-point grayish foci of hepatic necrosis - retain fetal membranes --> fever, endometritis, neutropenia and weight loss |
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Bovine Salmonellosis:
What is the species? When does it cause abortion? Why might abortion be caused? What are some fetal lesions? |
- Salmonella typhimurium
- Second HALF of gestation although it is rare - infection of fetal membranes and fetus or through hyperthermia and stress of acute severe enteritis and septicemia of cow. - edema of the gall bladder and mottled skeletal muscle |
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Bovine Campylobacteriosis (vibriosis):
What are the two main species and subspecies? What type of organisms? When does each cause abortion? How has the incidence of campylobacteriosis been reduced? |
- Campylobacter fetus venearlis and Camplyobacter fetus intestinalis
- Gram - - C. fetus venerealis = early pregnancy (2-4 mo.); C. fetus intestinalis = third trimester - AI using antibiotic-treated semen |
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Bovine IBR:
What does IBR stand for? What is the causative agent? What are two forms of the disease? When does abortion occur? What is the most striking lesion in the fetus? How is this prevented? |
- Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
- Bovine Herpes Virus (BHV) - Respiratory form = red nose and prenatal or abortive form caused by BHV1.1 and 1.2a - Can occur during all 3 trimesters but most common from mid-gestation to term - kidneys are usually surrounded by hemorrhagic necrosis - Vaccination at 6 months then again at 9-12 months |
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Bovine BVD:
What does BVD stand for? What are the different biotypes? What is the mode(s) of transmission? Does abortion always occur? How is BVD prevented? |
- Bovine Virus Diarrhea
- Noncytopathic and cytopathic; the noncytopathic causes persistent infection in calves - Direct contact; can be spread through semen - No - depends on stage infected: those infected at 90-100 days of gestation remain viable but w/defects; infection beyond 170 days may result in normal appearing calf - Vaccination = MLV and killed available |
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Bovine mycosis:
What is the main mycotic concern? When does abortion occur? Is this a fast or slow process that leads to abortion? Where are the primary lesions located? Other lesions? |
- Aspergillus fumigatus
- 5th to 8th month of gestation; slow process - Primary lesions = placentomes; chorion is thick, edematous, leathery and necrotic (like Brucellosis but not hemorrhagic) |
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Bovine Trichomoniasis:
What is the causative agent? How is this spread? What does the organism cause? |
- Tritrichomonas fetus
- venereal transmission - embryonic death, infertility and abortion (rarely) |
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Bovine Neosporosis:
What is the causative agent? Why was it named this? Is this a significant cause of abortion in cattle? Is this a short or long infection? When should you be concerned about this organism? When does abortion usually occur? How do you prevent this disease? Is immunity after the initial infection protective? |
- Neospora caninum; first isolated from paralyzed dog.
- Yes! - Life-long infection that can pass to fetus (occurs 90% of the time). - Dogs allowed access to feed and herds w/persistent abortions - approx. 100 days of gestation - NO VACCINE available; must prevent by keeping dogs away from feed and culling seropositive cows |
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For how long does the CL dominate in providing progesterone to maintain pregnancy?
Where does the progesterone come from if the CL is not producing it? |
Up until 5 months of gestation and during final stage of gestation.
Placenta |
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How do you induce abortion?
After 5 months, how is abortion induced? |
PGF-2 alpha up to 5 months of gestation - may take 10 days for abortion to occur.
PGF-2alpha and dexamethasone - may take 5 days |
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Ovine Enzootic Abortion:
What is the causative agent? What kind of organism is this? What is the incubation period? What does this cause? Is immunity after the initial infection protective? How is this prevented? |
- Chlamydia psittaci
- Gram - - 50-90 days - fever, abortion, birth of weak lambs, stillbirths; lambs develop latent infections that may manifest during 1st pregnancy - Yes, once a ewe aborts, she is protected for life - Vaccination in endemic areas; recommended ewe lambs be run w/older infected ewes prior to breeding |
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Ovine Vibriosis:
What is the causative agent? When does it cause abortion? What is the incubation period? How does transmission usually occur? What happens in some ewes that causes mortality? What are some fetal lesions? How can this be prevented? |
- Campylobacter fetus ss fetus
- Third trimester - 1-3 weeks - contaminated feed and water - retention of the fetus leading to peritionitis and death; diagnosis is based on SQ edema = serosanguinous fluid - Fetal membrane appears thickened, cotyledons are gray and fetal liver has necrotic foci - Vaccination prior to breeding season |
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Ovine/Caprine Toxoplasmosis:
What is the causative organism? How is infection produced? What is the clinical sign shown where you know to put Toxo on the differential? When does abortion occur? What are characteristic lesions on the placenta? |
- Toxoplasma gondii
- Cats w/access to the feed = sporozoites - CNS signs - Third trimester - Gray foci |
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Q-Fever:
What is Q-Fever caused by? What species does this infect? What do infected ewes do? Do you usually see clinical signs? Name some lesions on aborted materials. How might you reduce the incidence of abortion? |
- Coxiella burnetii
- ovine and caprine - abort in third trimester (rare) or give birth to weak neonates - No, signs are usually lacking and animals may be carriers - white plaques w/reddish brown coloration - place tetracycline in the feed during last trimester; seperate affected animals = better culled |
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Caprine/Ovine Brucellosis:
What are the 3 species to be concerned about? How is it transmitted? What are the characteristic signs of infection? How else are ewes affected? How is diagnosis made? |
- Brucella abortus = caprine and ovine, Brucella ovis = ovine, Brucella melitensis = caprine
- milk and infective discharge - undulant fever, 3rd trimester abortion, lambs stillborn, weak or dead. - may go lame, exhibit joint swelling, posterior paralysis - Diagnosis by placental lesions = placentitis and opaque brown plaques around placentomes |
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Ovine/Caprine Salmonellosis:
What is this condition referred to as? What are the 4 species? What does this organism cause - abortions, stillbirths or weak lambs? How is diagnosis made? Is treatment or vaccination commonly efficacious? |
- paratyphoid
- Salmonella typhimurium, S. dublin, S. abortus ovis, & S. abortiens - organism can cause abortions, stillbirths, and weak lambs usually in late winter, early spring - antibody titer in paired sera - No, better to prevent w/eliminating overcrowding and stress |
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Ovine/Caprine Leptospirosis:
What are the common species? When do these cause abortion? How is this treated? Prevented? |
- L. pomona, L. icterohemorrhagiae, L. bullum, L. hyos
- Third trimester = low incidence - Penicillin; Tetracycline in feed and vaccination |
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Ovine Listeriosis:
What is the causative agent? What are the 2 forms? When does abortion occur? What signs are seen in the ewe? How is Listeria diagnosed? How is this transmitted? Prevented? Is treatment affective in preventing abortion? |
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Encephalitic form in feeder ewes and abortive form in pregnant ewes - Third trimester - CNS signs - observe signs such as edema and necrosis of cotyledons w/brown discoloration/ isolation of organism - Contaminated feed; prevention = maintain sanitary precautions - No; penicillin or tetracycline may be used for neurologic dz |
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What are 2 organisms you will be sure to have on your differential in ovine/caprine w/CNS signs?
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Toxoplasma gondii
Listeria monocytogenes |
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What materials would you collect to send to the lab to help in diagnosis of abortion cause?
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Fetal membrane w/cotyledon and fresh fetus. If for some reason you cannot send the entire fetus, sending parts of it is acceptable: liver, lung, kidney, brain, fresh abomasal contents, heart blood, and exudates in body cavities.
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Porcine Leptospirosis:
What is the causative agent? What part of gestation does abortion occur? How is it transmitted? What does chronic infection cause? What does subclinical maternal bacteremia cause? |
- Leptospirosis pomona
- Second half of gestation - urine or aerosol transmission - Chronic infection - stillbirths and nonviable pigs - Subclinical - placentitis & subsequent abortion |
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Porcine Brucellosis:
What is the causative agent? When does abortion occur? How is it transmitted? What lesions are present? |
- Brucella suis
- abortion occurs at any stage - Transmitted - venereal and infected fluids or materials - Miliary abscessation of uterus |
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Porcine Erysipelothris rhusiopathiae:
What is the primary reproductive manifestation? What do gross lesions indicate? |
- Primary reproductive manifestation is abortion due to hyperthermia and prostaglandin release during ANY part of gestation
- Septicemia; with splenomegaly and cutaneous lesions - diamond |
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Porcine Actinobacillus:
What are the 3 species? Are they normal inhabitants? |
- Actinobacillus suis, A. ross, A. equuli
- Yes, they are normal inhabitants |
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Porcine Parvovirus:
What parity is parvovirus going to cause problems? What will this cause an increase in? How can it be prevented? |
- Gilt parities
- Increase in mummies - Prevention via vaccination - 2 doses given at 5 and 9 weeks prior to BREEDING |
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Porcine Enterovirus:
What is the primary route of transmission? When does infection usually occur? What does infection usually result in? Are vaccinations available? |
- Primary route = fecal-oral
- First half of gestation - Mummified fetuses and abortion - no |
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Porcine Pseudorabies:
What type of virus is this? What part of gestation does this cause lesions? What are the results of infection? Are vaccines available? What do they do? |
- Herpesvirus
- Any part of gestation - Abortion, mummified fetuses, stillbirths, weak piglets w/CNS signs, and high mortality. Necrotic foci of the liver - Vaccines are available but they do not prevent infection, just decrease viral shedding. |
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Porcine Hog Cholera virus:
What can this virus cause? What is the primary site of replication? What lesion is considered pathognomonic? |
- Abortion, mummification, stillbirths, weak piglets w/CNS signs
- Tonsils - Infarcted spleen |
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Porcine Encephalomyocarditis virus:
When do abortions occur? Are abortions the only thing that this virus causes? |
- Around day 107 - 111 of gestation
- No, stillbirths and mummies can be a result; HEART lesions = soft, enlarged and pale w/necrotic foci |
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Porcine PRRS:
What does PRRS stand for? What happens to sows after infection? How is it prevented? |
- Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome
- Sows may go off feed and become febrile; abortion may occur at 107-111 days of gestation - Vaccination - prior to breeding = 2 injections 2-3 weeks apart for gilts and 1 injection 7-10 days prior to breeding for sows |
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What is the most frequent bacterial cause of abortion in mares?
Where is the organism found? Under what conditions does this bacteria cause a problem? When does abortion occur? What does the fetus look like when expelled? |
- Streptococcus zooepidemicus
- Organism is found on external genitalia of mares and stallions - This is a management problem = not good enough sanitation and excessive breeding of older mares - Abortion occurs at any stage of gestation - Foal looks septic w/autolysis, congestion, and yellowish-red dirty discoloration |
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Equine Salmonellosis:
What are the 2 species of concern? What are the mare's clinical signs? What are good preventative measures? |
- Salmonella abortus equi and typhimurium
- Systemic signs - fever, diarrhea, vaginal discharge prior to abortion - Good hygiene and cleanliness; isolate the mare and be careful w/tissues = zoonotic concern |
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Equine Lepto:
Refer back |
Refer to other cards, but know it does rarely occur
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What is the causative agent of CEM?
What does CEM stand for? What type of organism is this and how is it transmitted? Is this contagious? Is this organism easy to get rid of? What is a significant sign of infection in mares? |
- Taylorella equigenitalis
- Contagious equine endometritis - Gram - organism; venereal transmission - YES - highly contagious - No - it persists indefinitely in the urethral fossa of stallions and clitoral sinus of mares - Copious mucopurulent discharge |
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Equine Nocardioform actinomycete:
What type of organism is this? What does it cause? What do affected areas of the uterine horn look like? |
- Gram + organism = filamentous branching bacillus
- Focally extensive placentitis that can lead to abortion, stillbirth and premature births - Brown, sticky, mud-like material and dotted w/white granular structures. |
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What is the most important viral cause of equine abortion?
What is the incubation period? When is the incidence of abortion highest? What is unique about what this virus causes? Is there maternal illness? Is vaccination available? |
- Equine Herpes Virus 1
- 15-30 days - last trimester - The fetus is expelled fresh = chorioallantois usually seperates from endometrium; inact fetal membranes - No - Yes, 5,7,9 months or 3,5,7,9 months of gestation; does not guarantee protection |
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Equine Viral Arteritis:
What are the 2 disease names for this disease? What is the major mode of transmission? Is this common? What is the incubation period? Why does abortion occur? When should mares not be vaccinated? |
- Equine typhoid or Epizootic cellulitis
- Respiratory spread (can be spread venereally) - No, this is rare and is accompanied by severe systemic and respiratory dz - 23-57 days - Severe necrotizing metritis w/autolytic changes of fetus and membranes - last 2 months of pregnancy |
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Equine Infectious Anemia:
What is another name for this dz? When does abortion usually occur? |
- Swamp fever
- Last half of gestation w/fever |
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Equine Mycosis:
What is the most common causative agent? What does the chorion look like after infection? |
- Aspergillus fumigatus
- Severely edematous and necrotic w/adherent viscous exudates - plaques |
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What is the most common non-infectious cause of abortion in equine?
What is abortion caused by? How can this condition be managed? |
- Twins
- Insufficient amount of placenta to support both fetuses - Induce abortion w/prostaglandin F2-alpha; Wait until second follicle is close to ovulation then breed; allow breeding, if pregnancy occurs = biological reduction may occur or you can manually reduce one of the embryos. |
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What is MRLS? (Equine)
What do the fetuses show signs of? What is thought to be the cause? |
- Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome
- Septicemia, hemorrhage and pneumonia - Eastern tent caterpillars in the feed |
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How do you induce abortion in a mare?
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- Twice daily injections of prostaglandin F2-alpha. Abortion occurs 40 hours after 1st injection
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Canine Brucellosis:
What is the causative agent? What is the incubation period? What does this agent cause? What follows abortion? |
- Brucella canis
- 1-3 weeks - Abortion and infertility - Serosanguineous to grayish green odorous vaginal discharge for 1-6 weeks |
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Canine Herpes Virus:
How is this spread? What does infection cause? Is abortion self-limiting? What is another fairly common virus that can cause abortion? |
- Licking or coughing; in utero or venereal
- Abortion, stillbirth, mummification, fetal death or premature death - Abortion is self-limiting after the bitch attains immunity - Canine Parvovirus I and II |
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What are two parasites in dogs that may cause abortion?
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Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum
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What is the best agent for induction of abortion in dogs?
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Prostaglandin F2-alpha
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What are 5 viral causes for disruption of pregnancy in cats?
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Feline Herpes Virus, FIV, FIP, FeLV, Feline Panleukopenia virus
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What are 6 genuses of bacteria that can cause abortion in cats?
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Brucella, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Mycoplasma, Salmonella, Escherichia coli
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What is a protozoan cause for pregnancy disturbances in cats?
Does this protoza cause problems in the queen? |
- Toxoplasma gondii
- Yes, following abortion, the queen becomes emaciated, has lymphadenopathy, dyspnea, lethargy, diarrhea, and CNS signs. |
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What nutritional deficiency can cause reproductive disturbances in cats?
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Taurine deficiency or absence --> fetal resorption, abortion and stillbirth
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What is the best agent for induction of abortion in dogs?
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Prostaglandin F2-alpha
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What are 5 viral causes for disruption of pregnancy in cats?
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Feline Herpes Virus, FIV, FIP, FeLV, Feline Panleukopenia virus
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What are 6 genuses of bacteria that can cause abortion in cats?
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Brucella, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Mycoplasma, Salmonella, Escherichia coli
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What is a protozoan cause for pregnancy disturbances in cats?
Does this protoza cause problems in the queen? |
- Toxoplasma gondii
- Yes, following abortion, the queen becomes emaciated, has lymphadenopathy, dyspnea, lethargy, diarrhea, and CNS signs. |
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What nutritional deficiency can cause reproductive disturbances in cats?
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Taurine deficiency or absence --> fetal resorption, abortion and stillbirth
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