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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does client teaching need to include?
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basic information on infection, various modes of transmission, and methods of prevention appropriate to their care needs
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What is infection?
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the entry and multiplication of an organism (infectious agent) in a host
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What is colonization?
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if a microorganism is present or invades a host, grows and/or multiplies but does not cause infection
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Does an infectious disease pose a risk to others?
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no
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What is a communicable disease?
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an infectious diseas that can be transmitted
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What is a symptomatic disease?
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if a pathogen multiplies and cause clinical sign and symptoms
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What is asymptomatic disease?
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a pathogen that multiplies and does not cause clinical signs and symptoms
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What is an example of an asymptomatic disease?
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Hep C
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What is the chain of infection?
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pathogen, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, host
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When do you need to wash hands with soap and water instead of using alcohol?
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when hands are visibly soiled
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the potential for microorganisms or parasites to cause disease depend on what factors?
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dose, virulence, ability to enter and survive in host, host resistance
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What is a reservoir?
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a place where a pathogen can survive but may or may not multiply
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What is the most common reservoir?
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the human body
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What are some examples of food for pathogens?
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organic matter, CO2, undigested foodstuff in bowl and soil
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Which, aerobic or anaerobic, cause more infections in humans?
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aerobic
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What are two examples of aerobic organisms?
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staphylococcus aureus and strains of streptococcus
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What is an example of an anaerobic organism?
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C difficile
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What is the optimal temperature for bacteria?
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68-109
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What is the temperature range that pathogens like to inhabit?
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68-109
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What is the pH range that pathogens like to inhabit?
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5-7
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Is HIV present in higher numbers in semen or vaginal secretions?
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semen
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What is the major route of transmission for pathogens identified in the health care setting?
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unwashed hands of health care workers
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What are the symptoms of a localized infection?
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pain, tenderness, and redness at the wound site
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What is pathogenicity?
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the ability of a pathogen to create an illness
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What is a systemic infection?
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an infection that is body wide
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What does the inflammatory response function as?
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a protective reaction that serves to neutralize pathogens and repair body cells
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What are the symptoms of a systemic infection?
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fever, leukocytosis, malaise, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lymph node enlargement, organ failure
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What process neutralizes and eliminates pathogens or necrotic tissues and establishes means of repairing body cells and tissues?
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inflammation
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What are the steps of the inflammatory response?
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1) vascular and cellular responses
2) Formation of inflammatory exudates 3) tissue repair |
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What are the fist line of defense during infection?
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neutrophils
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What is the normal range for serum WBC count?
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5,000-10,000/mm3
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What is the inflammatory range for serum WBC count?
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15,000-20,000/mm3
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What causes the rise in temperature during inflammation?
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phagocytic release of pyrogens from bacterial cells
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What are iatrogenic infections?
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a type of nosocomial infection fro a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure
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Why do older adults have a higher suseptability for HAIs?
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affinity to chronic disease and the aging process itself
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What are the most common causes of communicable disease in young or middle aged adults?
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viruses
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What are the most important nutrients to combat infection?
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protein, carbs, fats, and vitamins
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What is asepsis?
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absence of pathogenic microorganism
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What is the difference between medical and surgical asepsis?
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medical: clean
surgical: sterile |
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When cleaning objects do you rinse them in cold or hot water? why?
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cold; hot makes microbes stick
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What is the first step in cleaning equipment for sterilization?
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rinsing with cold water
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What are the 2 types of disinfection?
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disinfection of surfaces and high level disinfection
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What is high level disinfection used for?
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cleaning of client care items such as endoscopes and broncoscopes
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What is sterilization?
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complete elimination or destruction of all microorganisms, even spores
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What temp do disinfectants work best?
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room temp
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When emptying contaminated fluids, at what height do you empty? Why?
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water level; to reduce splashing
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What is the best practice at keeping tubing bacteria free?
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keeping drainage tubing closed and secure
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What is isolation?
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the separation and restriction of movement of ill persons with contagious diseases
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What are the two tiers of the CDC isolation guidelines?
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standard precautions ans isolation precautions
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What are the 4 different isolation precautions?
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airborne, droplet, contact, and protective environment
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Who is protective environment isolation for?
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patients who have undergone transplants and or gene therapy
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Which diseases are easier to catch, airborne or droplet?
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airborne
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Which isolation has negative air pressure? Positive?
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negative: airborne
positive: protective environment |
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What diseases can you get from direct contact?
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Hep A, shigella, staphyloccus
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What diseases can you get from indirect contact?
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Hep B and C, HIV, staphyloccus, RSV, pseudomonas, MRSA
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What disease can you get from droplet contact?
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Influenza, rubella, bacterial meningitis
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What diseases can you get from airborne contact?
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TB, varicella zoster (chickenpox), aspergillus, measles
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What diseases can you get from contaminated items?
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vibro cholerae, MRSA
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What diseases can you get from contaminated water?
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pseudomonas, legionella
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What diseases can you get from contaminated drugs/solutions?
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pseudomonas
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What diseases can you get from contaminated blood?
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Hep B and C, HIV, syphilis
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What diseases can you get from contaminated food?
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salmonella, E coli, botulism
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What diseases can you get from contaminated external mechanical transferer (flies)?
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V cholerae
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What diseases can you get from contaminated internal transmission (mosquito)?
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malaria, west nile
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What diseases can you get from contaminated internal transmission (louse)?
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rickettsia typhi
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What diseases can you get from contaminated internal transmission (flea)?
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plague
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What diseases can you get from contaminated internal transmission (tick)?
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lyme disease
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What are the stages of infection?
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incubation, prodromal, illness, convalescence
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What is the incubation period of an infection?
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1st stage, interval between entrance and apperance of first symptoms
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What is the incubation period of chickenpox?
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10-21 days
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What is the incubation period of the common cold?
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1-2 days
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What is the incubation period of influenza?
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1-5 days
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What is the incubation period of mumps?
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12-26 days
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What is the prodromal stage of an infection?
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2nd stage, interval from onset of nonspecific symptoms to more specific
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During which stage is a person capable of passing on an infection?
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prodromal
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What is the illness stage of an infection?
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3rd stage, interval when client manifests signs and symptoms specific to infection
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What is the convalescence stage of infection?
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4th stage, interval when acute symptoms of infection disappear
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What can disrupt the growth of normal flora in the vagina and causes the growth of other microorganisms?
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antibiotics and oral contraceptives
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What disrupts the gastric secretions of the GI tracts and slows peristalsis?
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administration of antacids
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What disrupts the urine flushing bacteria out and multilayered epithelium of the urinary tract?
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urinary catheter
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What are the factors that may affect tearing or blinking of the eye?
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splash or splatter of potentially infectious material into the eye
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What are the factors that may affect the cilia and mucous of the lungs?
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smoking, increased [O2] and [CO2] levels, decreased humidity, cold air
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What are the factors that may interfere with the saliva or mucousa of the mouth?
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lacerations, trauma, extracted teeth, dehydration, poor oral hygiene
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What are the factors that may affect the sebum, skin layers, or shedding of layers?
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lack or excess of bathing, cuts, abraisons, puncture wounds, maceration
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What are the top 4 sites for HAIs?
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Urinary tract, respiratory tract, surgical areas, bloodstream
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What is urinary reflux?
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allowing urine to reenter body from catheter
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What is immune senescence?
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an age-related decline in immune system function
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As people get older, how do their antibodies change?
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duration of antibody response is shorter and fewer cells are produced
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What are the risks associated with the development of HAIs in older clients?
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poor nutrition, unintentional weight loss, low serum albumin levels
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After about age 70 what happens to antibodies produced?
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many are autoantibodies and attack self
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What could the outcome be of a person with age related disorders?
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pneumonia, skin breakdown, venous stasis ulcers
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What could the outcome be of a person with life-style related disorders?
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STDs, HIV, HBV, HCV, opportunistic infections, viral infections, yeast infections, liver failure
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What could the outcome be of a person with occupational related disorders?
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black lung disease, pneumonia, TB, poor nutritional intake, stress, lack of medical help
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What could the outcome be of a person with diagnostic procedures?
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multiple IV lines, immunosuppressive drugs
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What could the outcome be of a person with a heredity of sickle cell and diabetes?
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anemia and or delayed healing
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What could the outcome be with a person with west nile, SARS, avian flu, and hantavirus?
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meningitis, acute respiratory distress
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What could the outcome be of a person with trauma resulting in a fracture or internal bleeding?
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sepsis or secondary infection
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What could the outcome be of a person with poor nutrition resulting in obesity or anorexia?
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impaired immune response
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What is the normal values of WBC?
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5,000-10,000/mm3
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considering WBC, what is an indication of infection?
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acute infection: increased
certain viral or overwhelming infections: decreased |
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What is the normal values of erythrocytes sedimentation rate?
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Men: 15mm/hr
Women: 20mm/hr |
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Considering ESR, what is an indication of infection?
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elevated during presence of inflammatory process
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What is the normal level for iron?
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60-90g/100ml
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Considering iron, what is an indication of infection?
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decreased in chronic infection
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What WBC is increased during acute suppurative infections?
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neutrophils
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When are neutrophils increased?
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during accute suppurative infections
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What WBC is decreased in overwhelming bacterial infections in older people?
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Neutrophils
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When are neutrophils decreased?
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during overwhelming bacterial infections in older people
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What WBC is increased in chronic bacterial and viral infections?
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lymphocytes
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When are lymphocytes increased?
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during chronic bacterial and viral infections
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What WBC is decreased in sepsis?
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lymphocytes
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When are lymphocytes decreased?
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during sepsis
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What WBC is increased in protozoan, rickettsial, and TB infections?
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monocytes
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When are monocytes increased?
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during protozoan, rickettsial, and TB infections
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What WBC is increased during parasitic infections?
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eosinophils
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When are eosinophils increased?
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during parasitic infections
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What WBC is in normal concentration during infections?
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basophils
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What is a suppurative infection?
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pus-forming infection
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What is an item that enters sterile tissue or the vascular system?
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critical item
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What is an item that comes in contact with mucous membranes or nonintact skin?
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semicritical items
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What is an item that comes in contact with intact skin but not mucous membranes?
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noncritical item
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What should you do for patients to maintain healing process?
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promote fluid intake, good diet, help to enhance sleep, help to reduce stress
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How many mls of urine do you need for a urine specimen?
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1-5
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What is the preferred hand hygiene technique?
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use of alcohol
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For what diseases do you practice airborne precautions?
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measles, chickenpox, varicella zoster, TB
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What kind of PPE is necessary for airborne precautions?
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mask
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For what diseases do you practice droplet precautions?
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adenovirus, diphtheria, epiglottitis, influenze, meningitis, mumps, mycoplamsal pneumonia, parvovirus B19, pertussis, pneumonia, rubella, scarlet fever, sepsis, streptococcal pharyngitis
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What kind of PPE is necessary for droplet precautions?
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mask
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For what diseases do you practice contact precautions?
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drug resistant organisms, enteric infections, respiratory infections, wound infections, skin infections, eye infections
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What is an enteric infection?
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infection of the intestinal tract
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How is anthrax transmitted?
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contact
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How is smallpox transmitted?
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droplet
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How is the plague transmitted?
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contact
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What was the first superbug?
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VRE
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