Infection Control And Prevention

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acquired immunity

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any form of immunity that is not innate and is obtained during life

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active immunity

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a form of long-term, aquired immunity. it protects the body against a new infection as result of antibodies that develop naturally after an initial infection or artifically after a vaccination

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antibody

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an immunoglobulin produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigenic substances. An antibody is specific to an antigen. Each class of antibody is named for its action. Antibodies include agglutinins, bacteriolysins, opsonins, and precipitin

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antigen

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a substance, usually a protein, that the body recognizes as foreign and that can evoke an immune response

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antiseptics

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a substance that tends to inhibit the growth and reproduction of microorganisms when applied to living tissue

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aepsis

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the absence of germs

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blood-borne pathogens

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pathogenic microorganisms that are transmitted via human blood and cause disease in humans. examples: hep B, HIV

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biohazard

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anything that is a risk to organisms, such as ionizing radiation or harmful bacteria or viruses

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b lymphocyte

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a type of white blood cell that originates in the bone marrow and produces antibodies. a precursor of the plasma cell, it is one of the 2 lymphocytes that play a major role in the body's immune response

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cell-mediated immunity

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the mechanism of acquired immunity chracterized by the dominant role of T cell lymphocytes. involves in resistance to infectious diseases caused by viruses and some bacteria and in delayed hypersensitivity reactions

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infection

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an invasion of body tissue by pathogenic microorganisms which proliferate and can cause damage to the tissue and possible loss of function (local cellular injury, secretion of towxi, or antigen-antibody reaction in the host)

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infection

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an invasion of body tissue by pathogenic microorganisms which proliferate and can cause damage to the tissue and possible loss of function (local cellular injury, secretion of towxi, or antigen-antibody reaction in the host)

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disease

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a condition of abnormal function involving any structure, part of a structure, or system of the organism

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disease

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a condition of abnormal function involving any structure, part of a structure, or system of the organism

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colonization

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the process by which strains of microorganisms may grow and multiplu, but do not cause disease (resident flora)

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colonization

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the process by which strains of microorganisms may grow and multiplu, but do not cause disease (resident flora)

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types of infection

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-bacteria
-virus
-fungi
-parasites (includes Protozoa)

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types of infection

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-bacteria
-virus
-fungi
-parasites (includes Protozoa)

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HAI (Nosocomial)

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Healthcare Associated Infections

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HAI (Nosocomial)

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Healthcare Associated Infections

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Contributing Factors of HAI

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- insufficient handwashing
- iatrogenic infections: infection caused by surgery of procedure (IV, catherter)
- compromised host defenses
- contaminated equipment

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Contributing Factors of HAI

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- insufficient handwashing
- iatrogenic infections: infection caused by surgery of procedure (IV, catherter)
- compromised host defenses
- contaminated equipment

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Endogenous

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a person gets the infection from themselves

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Endogenous

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a person gets the infection from themselves

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infection

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an invasion of body tissue by pathogenic microorganisms which proliferate and can cause damage to the tissue and possible loss of function (local cellular injury, secretion of towxi, or antigen-antibody reaction in the host)

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Exogenous

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a person gets the infection from an outside source

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Exogenous

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a person gets the infection from an outside source

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infection

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an invasion of body tissue by pathogenic microorganisms which proliferate and can cause damage to the tissue and possible loss of function (local cellular injury, secretion of towxi, or antigen-antibody reaction in the host)

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infection

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an invasion of body tissue by pathogenic microorganisms which proliferate and can cause damage to the tissue and possible loss of function (local cellular injury, secretion of towxi, or antigen-antibody reaction in the host)

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infection

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an invasion of body tissue by pathogenic microorganisms which proliferate and can cause damage to the tissue and possible loss of function (local cellular injury, secretion of towxi, or antigen-antibody reaction in the host)

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disease

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a condition of abnormal function involving any structure, part of a structure, or system of the organism

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local infection

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infection confined to one area or wound

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local infection

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infection confined to one area or wound

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disease

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a condition of abnormal function involving any structure, part of a structure, or system of the organism

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disease

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a condition of abnormal function involving any structure, part of a structure, or system of the organism

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colonization

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the process by which strains of microorganisms may grow and multiplu, but do not cause disease (resident flora)

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disease

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a condition of abnormal function involving any structure, part of a structure, or system of the organism

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systemic infection

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infection throughout body

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systemic infection

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infection throughout body

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types of infection

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-bacteria
-virus
-fungi
-parasites (includes Protozoa)

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colonization

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the process by which strains of microorganisms may grow and multiplu, but do not cause disease (resident flora)

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colonization

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the process by which strains of microorganisms may grow and multiplu, but do not cause disease (resident flora)

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colonization

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the process by which strains of microorganisms may grow and multiplu, but do not cause disease (resident flora)

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types of infection

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-bacteria
-virus
-fungi
-parasites (includes Protozoa)

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HAI (Nosocomial)

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Healthcare Associated Infections

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types of infection

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-bacteria
-virus
-fungi
-parasites (includes Protozoa)

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types of infection

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-bacteria
-virus
-fungi
-parasites (includes Protozoa)

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Contributing Factors of HAI

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- insufficient handwashing
- iatrogenic infections: infection caused by surgery of procedure (IV, catherter)
- compromised host defenses
- contaminated equipment

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HAI (Nosocomial)

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Healthcare Associated Infections

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HAI (Nosocomial)

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Healthcare Associated Infections

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HAI (Nosocomial)

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Healthcare Associated Infections

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Endogenous

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a person gets the infection from themselves

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Contributing Factors of HAI

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- insufficient handwashing
- iatrogenic infections: infection caused by surgery of procedure (IV, catherter)
- compromised host defenses
- contaminated equipment

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Contributing Factors of HAI

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- insufficient handwashing
- iatrogenic infections: infection caused by surgery of procedure (IV, catherter)
- compromised host defenses
- contaminated equipment

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Contributing Factors of HAI

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- insufficient handwashing
- iatrogenic infections: infection caused by surgery of procedure (IV, catherter)
- compromised host defenses
- contaminated equipment

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Exogenous

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a person gets the infection from an outside source

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Endogenous

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a person gets the infection from themselves

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Endogenous

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a person gets the infection from themselves

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Endogenous

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a person gets the infection from themselves

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local infection

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infection confined to one area or wound

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Exogenous

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a person gets the infection from an outside source

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Exogenous

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a person gets the infection from an outside source

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Exogenous

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a person gets the infection from an outside source

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systemic infection

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infection throughout body

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local infection

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infection confined to one area or wound

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local infection

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infection confined to one area or wound

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local infection

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infection confined to one area or wound

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systemic infection

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infection throughout body

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systemic infection

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infection throughout body

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systemic infection

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infection throughout body

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infection

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an invasion of body tissue by pathogenic microorganisms which proliferate and can cause damage to the tissue and possible loss of function (local cellular injury, secretion of towxi, or antigen-antibody reaction in the host)

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disease

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a condition of abnormal function involving any structure, part of a structure, or system of the organism

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colonization

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the process by which strains of microorganisms may grow and multiplu, but do not cause disease (resident flora)

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types of infection

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-bacteria
-virus
-fungi
-parasites (includes Protozoa)

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HAI (Nosocomial)

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Healthcare Associated Infections

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Contributing Factors of HAI

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- insufficient handwashing
- iatrogenic infections: infection caused by surgery of procedure (IV, catherter)
- compromised host defenses
- contaminated equipment

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Endogenous

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a person gets the infection from themselves

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Exogenous

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a person gets the infection from an outside source

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local infection

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infection confined to one area or wound

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systemic infection

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infection throughout body

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speticemia

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infection throughout body and causing organ failure

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acute

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infection that lasts for less than 6 months

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chronic

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lasts for at least 6 months

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resistant

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do not respond to normal antibiotics

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Resistant Microbes

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- MRSA
- VRSA: vancomycin resistant staph aureus
-VRE: vancomysin resistant enterococcus
- PRSP: penicillin resistant streptococcal pneumonia
-MDRTB: multi-drug resistant TB

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MSRA (CAMRSA)

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methicillin resistant staph aureus
(community aquired methicillin resistant staph aureus)
- affects 90, 000 people annually
- kills more people than AIDS

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Suprainfections

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-secondary infections that are usually caused by an opportunistic pathogen
- often seen in people with HIV and AIDS; also seen in people on antibiotics: normal flora is disrupted allowing other pathogens to flourish
- exaample: Candida albicans

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Risk for Infection

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- age: very old (deteriorating immune system) or very young (immature immune system)
-heredity: certain conditions impair the individuals response to infection
-stress
-nutritional status
- immunization status
-personal habits
-medical treatments and therapies (chemo, radiation, etc.)
-pre-existing diseases (chronic illnesses, cancer, diabetes)
- recent illnesses or surgery
weakened defense systems (broken skin, etc.)
- cultural practices
-environmental factors

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cortisol

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anti-inflammatory; produced by your body when under stress; inhibits body's normal response to infection

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Nonspecific Host Defenses

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- skin: #1 defense is intact skin and mucous membranes
-protective mechanisms (found in orifices, body structures, phagocytosis, cilia, etc)
- inflammatory response
-fever (may appear differently in elderly!)

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Inflammatory Response

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adapative response to neutralize pathogens and repair body cells; "itis" suffix implying inflammations (appendicitis); characterized as paion, swelling (edema), redness, heat, impaired function

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Fever

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can be beneficial; stimulates immune system to produce antibodies and T-cells

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Localized Repsonse to Infection

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- hyperemia (redness)
- edema (swelling)
- heat
- pain
- impaired or loss of function
- open wounds may also include exudate (drain)

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Systeemic Respons to Infection

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- fever
- increased pulse and respiratory rate
- malaise
- anorexia, nausea, vomiting
- lymphadenopathy (enlarged, tender lymph nodes)

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Normal WBC

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4,500-11,000 per mL

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Lab Data that indicates infection

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- elevated leukocyte count
- elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (RBCs settle more rapidly in the presence of inflammatory process)
- positive cultures

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Incubation Period

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- period between invasion of the microorganism and before the 1st visible sign of disease
- varies with illness

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Prodromal Period

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- characterized by nonspecific feelings of discomfort, feelings that illness is about to occur
- most capable of spreading disease
-short period of time

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Illness Period (acute phase)

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- marked by signs and symptoms that are specific to the type of infection

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Convaslescent Period

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-acute symptoms of infection disappear
-recovery occurs
-durations may be longer than expected.

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etiological agent

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depends on the number and virulence: the ability to produce disease

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resevoir (source)

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where the microorganisms survive, live, and multiple; carriers

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portal of exit

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the means by which the micoorganism leaves the resevoir

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method of transmission

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mechanism by which the microorganism travels from the portal of exit to the portal of entry

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vector-borne transmission

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animal or insect that transports infectious agents

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vehicle-borne transmission

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any substance that serves as an intermediate means to transport or introduce an infectious agent

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airborne

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infectious agents that are spread more than 3 feet in the air

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types of transmission

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airborne
direct
indirect

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portal of entry

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the means by which the microorganism enters the new host

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suseptible host

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any person at risk for infection

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Standard Precautions

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- wash hands before and after all client contact
- proper us of gloves, mask, protective eyewear, gowns
- proper removal of personal protective equipment

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Order of application for personal protective equipment

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gown, mask, eyewear, gloves

removal reversed

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reverse isolation

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protects vulnerable client with a weakened immune system from environment sources of infection. All persons must don sterile gown, sterile gloves, masks, shoe covers before entering room.