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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Infection
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A PATHOLOGICAL process produced by a MICROORGANISM that is DETRIMENTAL to the thost.
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Pathoogical Process
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Damage to the host on the cellular level
Depresses cell growth |
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Exotoxin
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*Secreted by living cells
*Enterotoxin *Neurotoxin Microorganisms that release exotoxin: E. coli, S. pyogenes, S. aureus |
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Endotoxin
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*Derived from cell wall of a gram negative bacteria
*Released when the cell is ruptured Microogranisms that release endotoxin: E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella |
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Fungus
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C. albicans
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Virus
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Influenza
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Protozoan
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N. fowleri
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Bacteria
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S. aureus
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Detrimental to the host
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*Tissues invaded cannot perform normal function
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Nosocomial Infection
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Acquired in the hospital or a long term care facility
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Community Acquired Infection
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Not Healthcare acquired
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Colonization
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Presence of microbes in the absence of tissue invasion
*Normal flora |
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Factors which alter normal flora
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*Corticosteroid therapy
*Extremes of age *Loss of intact barriers *Antimicrobial therapy *Inpatient at hospital for 24 hrs or longer *Pregnancy *Smoking *Drug and alcohol abuse *Diet |
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Clinical Signs of Infection
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*Redness
*heat *swelling *Pain *Pus (WBC's and bacteria) |
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Sources of Microbes that Cause Infection
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*Exogenous (other than host)
-People -Animals -Foods *Endogenous (host's normal flora) |
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Infection Chain
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1. Infectious Agents
2. Resevoir 3. Portal of Exit 4. Mode of Transmission 5. Portal of Entry 6. Suscetible Host |
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Attribute of microbes which affect there ability to cause disease
Adherence |
Ability to attach to cells
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Attribute of microbes which affect there ability to cause disease
Invasiveness |
Ability to spread throughout the tissue
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Attribute of microbes which affect there ability to cause disease
Pathogenicity |
Capacity to cuase disease
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Attribute of microbes which affect there ability to cause disease
Virulence |
Degree of pathogenicity
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Attribute of microbes which affect there ability to cause disease
Infectious Dose |
amount required to cause disease
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Attribute of microbes which affect there ability to cause disease
Viability in the free state |
ability to survive outside the host
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Attribute of microbes which affect there ability to cause disease
Host specificity |
range of hosts
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Attribute of microbes which affect there ability to cause disease
Resistance |
Ability to develop resistance to antimicrobial agents
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Infection Chain
Resevoir |
Cases (sick people) and carriers
Animals Water |
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Infection Chain
Portal of Exit |
Mouth
rectal insect bite skin |
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Modes of Transmission
Direct Contact |
Kissing, touching
Sexual contact |
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modes of transmission
Indirect Contact |
Example: Contaminated Tissues
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Modes of Trasnmission
Droplet Contact |
Sneezing
Droplet contact is 3-6 feet |
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Modes of Tranmission
Airborne |
Examples: TB, measels, dissmeniated zoster
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Modes of Transmission
Vector Borne |
Examples: Fleas, ticks, mosquitos
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Modes of Transmission
Vehicle Borne |
*Water or Food
*Medications *Mouthwash |
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Portal of Entry
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*Mouth, nose, other mucous membranes
*Skin puncture or needle stick *Wound *Insect Bite *Mother to child (in utero) |
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Susceptible Host
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*Immunocompromised
*Very young, very old *steroid user *Malnourished *Invasiveness procedures *Diabetics |
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Standard Precautions
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*Use of proper PPE
*Treat all blood and bodily fluids as infectious *Proper cleanup and decontamination *Disposal of all contaminated material in the proper manner |
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Personal Protective Equipment
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PPE
Types: Gloves Gown masks goggles face sheild |
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Contaminated Areas of PPE
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Outside Front
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Clean areas of PPE
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inside
outside back ties on head and back |
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Sequence for removing PPE
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Gloves
Face sheild or goggles Gown Mask or respirator |
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Sharps Container
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Dispose of needles w/ syringes in puncture resistant container near point of use
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Breaking the Infection Chain
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*Cleaning, disinfection, sterilization
*Standard precautions *isolation precautions *handling food properly *vaccinations *proper nutrition *infectious waste *antimicrobial therapy |
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Epidemiology
A science of Public Health |
Study of epidemics
Studies: *Distribution of Disease *Determinants of health/disease *Specific populations Look for patterns of disease (time, place, personal characteristics) Interventions: Prevention is key |
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Epidemic
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An increase in the normal amount of disease in a populaton
More than expected |
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Oubreak
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Same as an epidemic
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Enzootic
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Normal amount of disease in animals
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Epizootic
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Epidemic in Animals
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Pandemic
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An epidemic spanning several continents
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Observational Study
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Investigator does not intervene
Descriptive & Analytic Studies |
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Experimental Study
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Investigator Intervenes
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Immunology
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Study of the hosts defense mechanisms
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Organs of the Immune System
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Lymph nodes
Bone Marrow Spleen |
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Nonspecific Host Defenses
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*Intact Skin
*Low pH *normal skin flora *Dryness & desquamation |
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Nonspecific Pulmonary Defense
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*Nasal hairs
*Cilia *Lysozyme *Secretory IgA |
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GI Nonspecific Defense
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*Low pH
*Lysozyme *Normal flora *Secretory IgA |
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Granulocytes
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Neutrophil
Erythrocyte Eosinophils Basophil |
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Neutrophils
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Protection against bacteria
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Basophil
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Hypersensitivity Reactions (allergic response)
NO ROLE in resistance to infections |
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Eosinophil
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Protection against parasites
important in hypersensitivity reactions |
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Phagocytosis
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Attachment and engulfment of a microbe in a vacuole
*opsonozing antibodies help the Neutorophil recognize that it's foreign *Neutrophils (once bacteria has been engulfed) will release granules to kill bacteria (causing redness at site) |
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White Blood Cell Count
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Normal: 4-10
Leukocytosis: >10 Leukopenia: <4 Neutropenia: <1 (given drugs to wipe out immune system, done w/ BMT pt's) |
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Organs of the Immune System
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Lymph nodes
Bone Marrow Spleen |
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Nonspecific Host Defenses
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*Intact Skin
*Low pH *normal skin flora *Dryness & desquamation |
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Nonspecific Pulmonary Defense
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*Nasal hairs
*Cilia *Lysozyme *Secretory IgA |
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GI Nonspecific Defense
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*Low pH
*Lysozyme *Normal flora *Secretory IgA |
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Granulocytes
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Neutrophil
Erythrocyte Eosinophils Basophil |
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Neutrophils
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Protection against bacteria
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Basophil
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Hypersensitivity Reactions (allergic response)
NO ROLE in resistance to infections |
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Eosinophil
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Protection against parasites
important in hypersensitivity reactions |
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Phagocytosis
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Attachment and engulfment of a microbe in a vacuole
*opsonozing antibodies help the Neutorohil recognize that it's foreign *Neutrophils (once bacteria has been engulfed) will release granules to kill bacteria (causing redness at site) |
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White Blood Cell Count
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Normal: 4-10
Leukocytosis: >10 Leukopenia: <4 Neutropenia: <1 (given drugs to wipe out immune system, done w/ BMT pt's) |
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Specific Host Defenses
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B-Cells
Antibody production T-Cells Cell mediated immunity T-cells regulate the B-cells |
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Immunoglobulin
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portion of the total serum that contains antibodies
all antibodies |
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Classes of Immunoglobulins
IgM |
Responds first to antigen
will not pass to baby because it's too big to pass the placenta |
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Classes of Immunoglobulins
IgG |
Level higher and longer than IgM
crosses placenta at 18 weeks |
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Classes of Immunoglobulins
IgA |
non-specific
secreted in mucosal surfaces (in breast milk) |
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Classes of Immunoglobulins
IgE |
Important for hypersensitivity reactions
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Passive Natural Immunity
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Transfer to IgG to fetus via placenta
Lasts up to one year for full term baby |
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Passive Artificial
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Get a Gamma globulin shot (IgG)
lasts 30 days |
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Active Natural
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Get a disease
You make your own antibodies |
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Active Artificial
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Get a vaccine
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Serology
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study of antigen-antibody reactions
keeping one reagent constant and diluting the other |
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Direct Fluorescent Antibody
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DFA
*Antigen put on slide *Antibody (has a fluorescent label) selected antigen is poured on slide *If anitgen is present it will flouresce Examples: Legionella, pertussis |
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Titer (dillution)
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quantity of anitbody measured in the blood sample
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Cell Mediated Immunity
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T-cells
Functions: Direct and regulate immune responses and directly attack infected or cancerous cells |
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Types of T-Cells
Helper T Cells |
Coordinate Immune response by communicating w/ other cells
Stimulate nearby B-cells to produce antibody |
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Types of T-cells
Killer T Cells |
Directly attack cells containing foreign or abnormal molecules on their surface
Will kill TB & measels but not staph, strep, etc |
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Sensitized T Cells (after the first exposure)
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Recognize antigen, produce lymphokines, circulate in blood as memory lymphocytes
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T Cell functions
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Resistance to microbes
Stimulate or inhibit other immune cells graft rejection Resistance to tumor normal ratio of T-helper to T-killer is 2:1 |
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Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions
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Direct/Immediate reaction
w/in 30 minutes may result in anaphalaxis and death |
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Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions
Immediate reactions |
wheezing
trouble breathing low BP May progress to anaphalaxis or death hives conjuctivitis runny nose |
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Allergy testing
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scratch test
redness is rated personalized antigens made and diluted allergy shots given to produce an IgG response (called desensitization) |
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Common antigens
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Food,
Pollens Drugs Insect Products Animal hair |
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Type 4 Hypersensitivity Reactions
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Occur in 48-72 hours
TB skin testing Contact dermatitis |
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Influenza Chain of Infection
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1. Agent: Virus
2. Resevoir: Humans 3. Exit: Respiratory secretions 4. Mode: contact (all 3 types: direct, indirect and droplet) 5. Entry: Respiratory mucous membranes 6. Susceptible Host: everyone |
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Childhood Vaccines
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DTaP, Hepatitis B, MMR (measels, mumps, rubella)
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Adult Vaccines
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HPV, MMR
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Healthcare Vaccines
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Hepatitis B, MMR, Influenza
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