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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Salmonella invades
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Intestinal mucosa
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Campylobacter produces two toxins, one for... and the other for...
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1. Tissue destruction
2. Inflammatory diarrhoea |
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Campylobacter grows at
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30-47 oC
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Campylobacter is foodborne/ food poisoning
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Food-borne
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Campylocbacter is
Intracellular/ extracellular Gram -ve/ gram +ve |
Intracellular (facultative)
Gram negative |
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Salmonella typhi causes...
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Typhoid fever (systemic infection)
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Salmonella pass through M cells and multiply in macrophages and cause them to ...
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Lyse
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Vibrio cholerae activates... in cells of intestinal mucosa
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adenylate cyclase enzyme (cAMP).
causes increased secretion of electrolytes and H2O. |
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Vibrio cholerae is
Gram -ve/ gram +ve? Motile/ non-motile? |
Gram negative
Motile |
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Cholera toxin is an..
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A/B subunit toxin
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Oral vaccines for cholera stimulate...
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IgA
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Shigella dysenteriae is ...-borne.
Gram -ve/+ve? motile/ non-motile? |
Water-borne
Gram -ve non-motile |
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Shigella bacteria taken up by...
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M cells of peyer's patches (in muscosal epithelium)
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Shiga toxin of A/B toxin...
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Cleaves ribosomal RNA
Inhibits protein synthesis Kills target cells |
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Chylamidia trachomatic is..
Facultative/ obligate intra/extra cellular? |
Obligate intracellular
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Chlamydia Elementary bodies are adapted for...
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extracellular survival
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Chlamydia Reticulate bodies are adapted for..
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intracellular multiplication
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Chlamydia trachomatis must live intracellularly because
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Limited biosynthetic capabilities (not enough ATP). Obtain nucleoside pool and amino acids from host.
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Repeated exposure to chlamydia causes
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most severe diseas
(causes direct damage to cells + inflammatory immune response) |
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C. Albicans ferments..
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glucose/maltose, NOT lactose
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Individuals susceptible to candida...(3)
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1. Diabetes
2. immune deficits 3. macerated skin |
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Superficial candida infections most prevalent..
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oral/ vaginal
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Dimorphism means fungi exist as both...
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Yeast or hyphae
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Aspergillus...
Aerobic/ Anaerobic? Sporing/ non-sporing? |
Aerobic
Sporing (spore called conidia) |
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Aspergilloma
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Hyphae (fungus ball) in lung. Can invade blood vessels and disseminate.
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Resevoir of cryptococcus...
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Pidgeon excretement
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Following inhalation of cryptococcus yeasts, they disseminate and localise in...
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Brain and CNS (causing cryptococcal meningitis)
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Virulence factor of cryptococcus...
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Mucilaginous caspsule.
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Plasmodium parasites multiply in...
Causing the symptoms.... |
Multiply in red blood cells.
Symptoms - fever and headaches |
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Most severe Plasmodium species
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Plasmodium falciparum
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In the salivary gland of mosquitos
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Sporozoites
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(Mosquitos) Sporozoites develop into....
In the... |
Sporozoites develop in to MEROZOITES, in the LIVER
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(Plasmodium) Merozoites develop into...
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Trophozoites
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In the gut of mosquitos, gametocytes become...- ... - ... - sporozoite
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Gamete - zygote - ookinate - sporozoite
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Protozoa:
Unicellular/ Multicellular? eukaryotic/ prokaryotic? motile/ non-motile? |
Protozoa:
Unicelluer, eukaryotic, often motile |
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Most prevelent species of cryptosporidiosis in humans...
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C. parvum and C. hominis
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(Cryptococcus) Sporulated oocysts contain..
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4 sporozoites
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Sporozoites undergo asexual reproduction called...
Followed by sexual reproduction to produce... |
1. Schizogony/ merogony
2. Form microgamonts (male) and macrogamonts (female) |
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Thin-walled oocysts cause
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Autoinfection
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(Toxoplasmosis) Oocysts and tissue cysts are called... after ingetion
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Tachyzoites
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(Toxoplasmosis) Tachyzoites localise in brain and are known as...
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Cyst bradyzoites.
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Largest Nematode
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Ascaris
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A type I sensitivity caused by easinophil accumulation in lung due to helminth infection is called..
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Loffler's syndrome
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Two species of hookworm:
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1. Necator americanus
2. Ancylostoma |
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Hookworms are prevelant in..
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Africa/ South East Asia
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Filarisis is caused by...
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Thread-like roundworms.
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Filarisis is transmitted by...
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Blood-feeding arthropods (mosquitos/ black flies).
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Definitive host of filariasis
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Humans ( sexually reproducing adults develop) (vector = blood-feeding arthropods.
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LYMPHATIC Filarisis occupies...
and causes.... |
Lymphatic system, causing Elephantitis
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Species which cause LYMPHATIC filarisis... (3)
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1. Wuchereria bancrofti
2. Brugia malayi 3. Brugia timori |
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Subcutaeneous filariasis occupes....
Species which cause it.... (4) |
Occupies subcutaeneous (fat layer) of skin.
caused by: 1. Loa Loa (African eye-worm) 2. Onchocerca volvulus (Riverblindness) 3. Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea worm) 4. Mansonella |
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Serous cavity Filariasis occupies...
Species with cause it.... (2) |
Occupies serous cavity of the abdomen.
Caused by: 1. Mansonella perstans 2. Mansonella ozzardi |
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Diagnostic stage of filariasis...
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Sheathed microfilariae in bloodstream
(later ingested by mosquitos) |
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Which Larval stage enters human skin when mosquito takes blood meal?
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L3
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Wucheria and Brugia are periodic and only appear at ...
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Night
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Drugs for killing adult lymphatic filarial worms...
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1. Abendazole
2. Diethylcarbamazine |
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Wolbachia (endosymbiotic bacterium of filarial worms) can be treated using...
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Tetracyclines
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The vector for onchocerciasis (riverblindness) is...
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Dipteran fly/ black fly
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Treatment of filariasis with diethylcarbamazine can cause..
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Mazzotti reaction
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Onchoceriasis adult worms produce sheathed/ unsheathed microfilariae?
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Unsheathed
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Loa loa adult worms produce sheather/ unsheathed microfilariae?
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Sheathed
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Flukes cause...
Vector.... |
1.Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia)
2.Snails |
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Tapeworms cause...
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Hyatid disease (Echinococcus)
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Free-swimming infection stage of schistomiasis..
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Cercariae
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In fresh water:
In snail tissue: Free-swimming: Human skin: |
1. Miracidium
2. sporocyst 3. cercariae 4. schistosomulum |
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S. mansoni
S. japonicum S. haematobium are causitive agents of.. |
Schistosomiasis
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Eggs is liver cause granulomata, leading to...
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Portal hypertension
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Praziquantel is the drug for..
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Schistomiasis
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Tapeworm of human caused by
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Taenia species (echinococcus)
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Echinococcus granulosis and Echinicoccus multilocaris are forms of..
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Hyatid disease
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Hyatid cyst in liver becomes protoscolex - ... - small intestine
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Scolex
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Antihelminth drug
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Abendazole
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Protoscolex develops into
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Adult worm
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Cerebrial malaria cause by which species
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Plasmodium falciparum
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Quinine, chloroquinine, proguanil and melfoquine are drugs against...
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Malaria
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Pyrethroids are insectecides used against...
To control the disease... |
1. Mosquitos
2. Malaria |
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Hepaptitis C is a
Filovirus/ Flavivirus +ve sense/ -ve Sense RNA |
Flavivirus
+ve sense |
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Most common form of HCV:
Accute/ Cirrhosis and chronic liver disease |
Chronic liver disease
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HCV structural proteins
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1. env
2. core 3. p7 |
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HCV non-structural proteins
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viral enzymes and co-factors
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HCV genome structure
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10 kb +ve sense RNA
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HCV is a member of the ... family
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Flavivirus
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HCV is ...
and ... to detect |
Enveloped.
Difficult to detect |
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An outbreak of Hep C in the middle east was due to..
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Contaminated Bilhazia vaccinations
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Hep C protein fuction.
1. receptor binding 2. ion channel 3. maintainence of genome |
1. env
2. p7 3. core |
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HCV inhibits
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The guardian of the genome
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... million people suffer Hep C worldwide
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170 million
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Some chronic sufferers of HCV (B/C) may develop...
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Hepatocellular Carcinoma
(6o% HBV, 80% HCV) |
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The primary host of Viral haemorrhagic fever is..
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NOT humans
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VHFs have ... or ... hosts
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Animal or insects (arboviruses)
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Viral Haemorrhagic fever caused by FLAVIVIRUSES
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Dengue and Yellow fever
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Viral Haemorrhagic fever caused by FILOVIRUSES
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Ebola and Marburg
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Outer envelope of a Filovirus is covered in
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Peplomers
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Ebola virus...
(size, structure) |
19 kb -ve strand RNA.
filamentous |
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Ebola genome is transcribed and replicated in...
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Cytoplasm
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A major symptom of yellow fever is
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Jaundice
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Yellow fever and dengue are both...
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Arboviruses
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Yellow fever and dengue are both...
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Flaviviruses
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Flavivirus genome structure:
1. -ve/ +ve sense RNA? 2. length? 3. transcribed by polyprotein, then cleaved by...? |
1. +ve strand RNA
2. 10kb length 3. viral proteases |
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Vector for yellow fever
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Mosquitoes
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Which flavivirus has a vaccine?
Which type of vaccine? |
Yellow fever, live attenuated
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Aedes egypti is the mosquito host for... and...
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Dengue and yellow fever
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Dengue occurs in ... and ...
Yellow fever only occurs in ... |
Dengue in Asia and Africa.
Yellow fever only Africa |
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Pathology of poliomyelitis is caused by...
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Destruction of grey matter of CNS
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Polio virus enters body through ... and multiplies in...
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Mouth, and multiplies in intestine
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1/? polio infections leads to irreversible paralysis
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1/200
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Recent epidemics of polio caused by... and ...
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Improved sanitation and increased population densities.
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Live, Oral vaccine developed by... in the year...
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Sabin, 1962
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Killed, injectable vaccine developed by... in the year...
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Salk, 1955
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Countries where polio is endemic (4)
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Afghanistan, India, Nigeria, Pakistan
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Polio is a ...-virus
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Enterovirus
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Polio have +ve/ -ve sense RNA
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+ve sense RNA
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Poliovirus encodes structural proteins for:
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Capsid
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Poliovirus encodes non-structural proteins for:
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3D polymerase (replicase)
2A and 3C protease for REPLICATION |
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Polio virus genome replication takes place..
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in a membrane vesicle (NOT the nucleus)
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Poliovirus replication is dependent on..
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Microflora in the gut
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Poliovirus multipies locally at intial sites e.g.
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Peyers patches, tonsils, or lymph nodes
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Poliovirus may enter the CNS by..
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peripheral or cranial nerve axonal flow
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Which polio vaccine gives a good secretory IgA response and life-long immunity?
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Live oral (Sabin)
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