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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Transient Bacteria:
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-attach loosely to skin, in dirt or grease, under fingernails
-picked up from person to person -removed using hand hygiene -cause infection if gets in the skin |
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RESIDENT BACTERIA
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-normal flora on skin
-survive & multiply w/o causing illness -can cause infection when surgery allows them to enter deep tissues or in an immunocompromised pt |
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INFECTIOUS AGENT
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bacteria
protozoa fungus rickettsiae viruses helminths |
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Ex of PORTAL OF EXITS
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1. Skin and mucous membranes
2. Respiratory tract 3. Urinary tract 4. GI tract 5. Reproductive tract 6. Blood |
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What is required in an environment for an organism to thrive?
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1. Food
2. Oxygen 3. Water 4. Temperature 5. pH 6. Light |
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RESERVOIR:
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-where infectious agent grow (wound drainage, food, O2 tubing)
-Most common is human body (host) |
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Ie. of AEROBIC:
Ie. of Anaerobic: |
-Stap
-Strep -Clostridium Difficile, causes antibiotic-induced bacteria |
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Bacteria that cause tetanus, gas gangrene and botulism are ______.
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-anaerobic
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SPORE forming bacteria:
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-anthrax
-botulism -tetanus |
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VIRULENCE:
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-ability to produce disease
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S/S of LOCALIZED INFECTION:
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-redness
-edema -pain/tenderness -presence of exudates |
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S/S of SYSTEMIC INFECTION:
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-fevers
-increase P & R -malaise -anorexia, N/V -enlarged lymph nodes |
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Normal SED rate
-men: -women: |
-elevated in presence of inflammatory process
-men: up to 15mm/hr -women: 20mm/hr |
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IATROGENIC INFECTIONS:
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-a type of HAI (health care-associated infection, AKA nosocomial) from a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure
ie. endoscopy |
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LEUKOCYTOSIS:
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-wbc > 11,000/uL
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Ie. of Super Infection:
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-caused by the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics
ie. yeast/vaginal infections Trush |
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MALAISE
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a feeling of general discomfort or uneasiness, an "out of sorts" feeling, often the first indication of an infection or other disease.
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Atypical sx in an older adult w/ an infectious illness?
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-confusion
-incontinence -agitation |
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V/S infections:
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-increase HR, R
-decrease b/p |
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Neutropenia?
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-Low WBC
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WICKING ACTION:
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-germs can get from outside thru dressings into a wound
ie. turn sink off w/ a DRY paper towel, germs WICK through to your hands w/ a wet paper towel |
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osteomyelitis
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an infection of the bone.
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Critical items that must be sterile:
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-surgical instruments
-cardiac or intravascular catheters -urinary catheters -implants |
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SemiCritical items that must be High-level disinfected(HLD) or sterilized:
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-respiratory & anesthesia equip
-endoscopes -endotracheal tubes -GI endoscopes -diaphragm fitting rings |
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Noncritical items that must be disinfected:
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-bedpans
-b/p cuffs -bed rails -lines -stethoscopes -bedside trays & client furniture -food utensils |
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VASCULAR RESPONSE:
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-bld vessels dilate, allowing bld flow: causing redness & inflammation
-More bld flow allow WBC's to the areas -injury causes tissue necrosis resulting in release of chemical mediators (bradykinin, serotonion, histamine, prostaglandin(tylenol) ie. bites from fireants: body will release chemical mediators w/ an inflammation response ie. sunburn: motrin/tylenol |
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CELLULAR RESPONSE:
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-inflammation causes WBC's to go to the injury site
-WBC's pass through the vessels into the tissue -phagocytosis occurs(think of Pac-Man) -neutraphils/monocytes ingest & destroy microbs S/S: tired from infection, enlarged lymph nodes, lost of appetite |
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INFLAMMATORY EXUDATE:
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-accumulation of fluid & dead tissue cells & WBCs forms an exudate at the site
Ie. serous, purulent, sanguineous |
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High for Nosocomial Infections Inadequate SECONDARY defense:
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-reduced hgb
-suppression of wbc -suppression of inflammatory response -low wbc |
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High risk for Nosocomial Infections Primary Defense:
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-broken skin/mucosa
-traumatized tissue -decreased cilary action -obstructed urine flow -altered peristalsis -change in pH of secretions -decreased mobility |
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ASEPSIS:
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-absence of any germ or microorganisms
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ASEPTIC TECH:
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-effort to keep the pt as free of microbes as possible
-practiced in OR/ L&D |
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MEDICAL ASEPSIS:
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-clean technique
-procedures to prevent the spead of organisms |
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SURGICAL ASEPSIS:
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requries more than medical asepsis,
-process of sterile -destroys ALL microorganisms & spores |
