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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Starting position of visual placing reactions? UE and LE |
Hold child vertically.
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How to elicit the visual placing reactions? |
Advance child toward a supporting surface and observe reaction.
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Correct response of visual placing reactions? |
The same response is seen as in proprioceptive placing - the LEs flex and then extend to bear weight on the supporting surface OR the UEs flex and extend to bear weight on the surface with the wrist extended and the fingers extended and abducted.
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Importance of visual placing reactions? |
Visual placing is needed for accurate placing of the hands during creeping, visual reaching and grasping. Visual placing in the LE is associated with independent walking.
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Delayed or persistent visual placing reactions? |
Reflex remains throughout life. If it does not appear, general depression of the CNS or sensorimotor dysfunction may be present.
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Starting position of forward protective extension reaction? UE |
To test for the forward protective extension reaction, support the infant around the thorax in a prone horizontal position (this can also be done in a sitting or upright kneeling position).
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Starting position of sideways protective extension reaction? UE |
To test sideways reaction, sit infant on table top with hands around thorax for support.
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Starting position of backward protective extension reaction? UE |
To test backwards reaction, place child in a symmetrical sitting posture with legs out in front or in tailor fashion.
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How to elicit forward protective extension reactions of UE? |
To elicit forward response, plunge the head and upper trunk downward toward a table top and observe (from a sitting or kneeling position displace COG forward).
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How to elicit sideways protective extension reactions of UE? |
To elicit sideways reaction tilt infant sideways with enough force to displace the COG and offset balance.
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How to elicit backward protective extension reactions of UE? |
To elicit backwards response, push child backwards with enough force to displace the COG and offset balance.
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Correct response of forward protective extension reactions of the UE? |
positive forward response - presence of shoulder flexion and elbow extension and finger abduction and extension.
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Correct response of sideways protective extension reactions of the UE? |
Positive response for sideways reaction is abduction of the arm on the side of movement with extension of elbow and abduction and extension of fingers. |
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Correct response of backward protective extension reactions of the UE? |
Positive response for backwards reaction is full extension of both arms.
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Importance of protective extension reactions of UE? |
The protective reactions are used to adjust the body in response to a displacing force. Once the hand or foot reaches the ground, the positive supporting reaction provides support for weight bearing. The forward and sideways reaction are needed for the infant to sit without arm support and all three reactions are needed for the child to sit and to rotate the body about its axis without falling. Used with the positive supporting reaction to allow child and adult to push up to sitting from prone or supine lying, attain hands and knee position for creeping, and to attain a standing position from supine without rotation.
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Delayed or persistant protective extension reactions of UE? |
For the protective extension reaction to develop, the positive supporting reaction must be developed. Without these protective reactions, the infant or adult would have great difficulties performing any acts requiring balance.
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Starting position of downward protective extension reactions of LE? |
To test for the protective reaction downward, you hold the child around the thorax vertically.
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Starting position of staggering protective extension reactions of LE? |
To test for the protective staggering reaction, an upright erect posture is necessary.
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Starting position of shifting protective extension reactions of LE? |
To test for the shifting reaction, have the child or adult stand, hold the hand and foot on the same side and flex the LE you are holding at the hip and knee. Examiner sits/stands on the side of the flexed extremities
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How to elicit downward PE of LE? |
To elicit the downward response, rapidly plunge the feet downward toward a table top and observe.
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How to elicit staggering PE of LE? |
To elicit the staggering response, the child must stand. For the forward stagger, the examiner stands behind the child and pushes the child forward. For backward stagger, stand in front of the child and push backward. For sideways stagger, stand to one side (assume for illustration, the child’s right side) and pull the child’s abducted arm toward you (toward the child’s right).
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How to elicit shifting PE of LE? |
To elicit the shifting reaction, abduct the flexed arm and flexed leg, so that you are pulling the child toward you. Examiner sits/stands on one side of the child.
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Correct response of downward of PE of LE? |
The positive downward response is rapid extension of the knees with hip abduction and external rotation accompanied by dorsiflexion of the ankles.
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Correct response of staggering of PE of LE? |
The positive staggering response is not present in infants (explaining why they fall so frequently when learning to walk). For forward stagger, the child takes steps forward to maintain balance. For backward stagger, the child should step backward to maintain balance. For sideways stagger, he may abduct the leg nearest you or he may cross the opposite leg (in this case, the left) in front of the right leg , or he may cross the left leg behind the right leg to maintain balance. |
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Correct response of shifting of PE of LE? |
The positive shifting reaction is for the flexed extremity to extend and abduct in the direction of the examiner to prevent the individual from falling.
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Importance of PE of LE? |
Allows for correction and compensation to changes in the COG.
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Delayed or persistent PE of LE? |
Children or adults that have not perfected or developed staggering reactions will not be safe and independent walkers. This problem is only compounded if the protective reactions of the UE are not present possibly resulting in bodily harm.
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Starting position of the tilting reactions? |
To test for the tilting reaction, an unstable base of support is needed. Place the child supine, prone, sitting, on all fours, or standing.
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How to elicit tilting reactions? |
Tilt the base sideways, backwards and forwards.
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Correct response of tilting reactions? |
In supine, a tilt of the support to the left would result in a concavity to the right in the child’s spine, a labyrinthine response. There is also a secondary proprioceptive response that results in turning of the head toward the upper side of the support as well as extension and abduction of the extremities on that side. A rapid tilt elicits only the labyrinthine response while a slow tilt elicits both.
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Importance of tilting reactions? |
Beginning tilting reactions are needed for the acquisition of the motor milestones.
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Delayed or persistent tilting reactions? |
If a child or adult is devoid of vestibular function or has labyrinthine dysfunction, a normal response can be obtained as long as normal vision and a stable base is present. Otherwise, the person will have to protect himself with the less advanced protective mechanisms. |
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Starting position of the amphibian reaction? |
Place the infant prone with the head in midline, arms flexed near the head and legs extended.
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How to elicit the amphibian reaction? |
Lift one side of the pelvis and observe. |
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Correct response of amphibian reaction? |
Automatic flexion of the arm, hip and knee on side that is lifted.
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Importance of amphibian reaction? |
It is useful in the beginning stages of locomotion to help propel the infant forward on his abdomen.
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If amphibian is delayed or persistent? |
No research done here. |
