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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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COGNITION:
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*the act or process of knowing; the mental activity or thinking involved in understanding.
-schema: represents the original patterns of thinking. -adaptation: including and adjusting to new information that increase's a person's understanding of the world around them. -assimilation: acquiring new information by integrating it into already existing structures in response to new environmental stimuli. -accommodation: involves adjusting to new information by creating new schema to replace the old. |
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Information processing:
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-Emphasizes the progressive steps, actions and operations that take place when the adolescent receives, perceives, remember, thinks about & utilizes information.
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Psychometric approach:
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-interested in the measurement of knowledge and thinking ability.
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Piaget's approach:
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occurs in a series of four distinct, universal stages, each characterized by increasingly sophisticated and abstract levels of thought.
-These stages always occur in the same order, and each builds on what was learned in the previous stage. |
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Piaget's 1st stage of Cognitive Development:
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1.) SENSORIMOTOR (birth-age 2)
-learning by senses -crawling, putting things in mouth "THE CONQUEST OF THE OBJECT" -Elkind |
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Piaget's 2nd stage of Cognitive Development:
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2.) PRE-OPERATIONAL (2-7)
-use of words and signs to represent objects -thinking remains rigid and perception-bound -pre-rational * "THE CONQUEST OF THE SYMBOL"- Elkind |
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Piaget's 3rd stage of Cognitive Development:
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3.) Concrete Operational (7-11)
-children show the capacity for logical reasoning (ex: math is about fruits, pencils, objects, not numbers) -able to engage in conservation "THE MASTERY OF CLASSES, RELATIONS, AND QUANTITIES"- Elkind |
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Piaget's 4th stage of Cognitive Development:
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4.) Formal Operational (11- plus)
-hypothetical reasoning -combinational analysis -higher-order reasoning, inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning (using algebra's symbols) "CONQUEST OF THOUGHT"- Elkind |
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Deductive Reasoning:
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-way of solving problems using scientific method
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Inductive:
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-Gathering individual items of information and putting them together to form hypotheses or conclusions.
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Transductive:
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-Proceeding from particular to particular in thought, without making generalizations.
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Hypocrisy:
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- Discrepancy between what people say and do.
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Pseudostupidity:
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-tendency to approach problems at much too complex a level and to fail, not because the tasks are different, but because they're too simple. Adolescents appear stupid when they are in fact, bright but not yet experienced.
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Introspection:
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-Thinking about one's thoughts and feelings.
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Imaginary Audience:
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- Adolescents' belief that others are constantly paying attention to them.
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Personal Fable:
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- Adolescents' belief that they are invulnerable and that their feelings are special and unique.
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Long term:
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- the process by which information is perceived and processes deeply so it passes into the layers of memory below the conscious level (secondary level).
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Short term:
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- The process by which information is still in the conscious mind, being rehearsed and focused on (primary memory).
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Sensory:
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-The process by which information is received and transuded by the senses, usually in a faction of a second.
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Negation:
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-Strategy used to disprove
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Elimination:
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- Looking for evidence that disproves a hypothesis
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Affirmation:
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-Strategy used to confirm
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Confirmation:
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-Looking for examples that match a hypothesis
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Mann's 9 C's for decision making:
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-Choice
-Comprehension -Creativity -Compromise -Consequentiality -Correctness -Credibility -Consistency -Commitment |
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Gardner's 7 intelligences:
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1)Linguistic Intelligence
2)Logical-mathematical 3)Spatial intelligence: ability to form spatial images and to find one's way around an environment 4)Musical intelligence: ability to perceive and create pitch and rhythmic patterns 5)Body- kinesthetic intelligence: the gift of fine motor movement (surgeon, dancer) 6)Interpersonal intelligence: understanding others, how they feel, what motivates them, and how to interact with them 7)Intra-personal intelligence: centers on the individual's ability to know himself or herself and to develop a sense of identity. |
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Psychologist who invented the first intelligence test:
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-Alfred Binet; professor at University of Sorbonne, France
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Psychologist who revised first intelligence test:
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-Lewis Terman, Stanford University (became Stanford- Binet test)
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Psychologist who developed the WAIS and the WISC:
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-David Wechsler
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Factors that influence intelligence test:
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-Anxiety, degree of motivation, socio-cultural factors, among others may influence the test.
-Intelligence scores may vary considerably during one's lifetime. Scores should be considered only as a result on a test taken at a particular time. |
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Self-Concept:
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-A person's conscious, cognitive perception and evaluation of himself or herself; one's thoughts and opinions about oneself.
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Rice & Dolgin's six different selves:
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-Who I really am
-Who I think I am -Who others think I am -Who I think others think I am -Who I think I will become -Who I think others want me to become. |
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Strang's theory of basic self-concept:
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-adolescent's view of his or her personality
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Strangs theory of temporary or transitory self-concepts:
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-these ideas of self are influenced by mood of the moment or by a recent or continuing experience.
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Strangs theory of social selves self-concept:
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-the self he or she thinks others see, which in turns is how the individual sees him/herself
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Strangs theory of the ideal self and self-concept:
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-the kind of person an adolescent would like to be
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concept of a "significant other":
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-they are individuals who occupy a high level of importance
-opinions are meaningful |
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Importance of family relationships for self-esteem and ego identity:
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-Adolescents with higher self-esteem report greater intimacy with their mothers and fathers.
-Self-esteem is associated with parental willingness to grant autonomy, parental acceptance, flexibility, communication, and shared satisfaction. -Parents who care and show interest are more likely to have adolescents with higher self esteem |
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Self-esteem in Various Populations:
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-low SES students have lower self-esteem than students with high SES
-Blacks have less self-esteem than whites |
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Erikson's concept of ego identity:
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1)Temporal perspective vs. time confusion
2)Self-certainty vs. self-conscousness 3)Role experimentation vs. role fixation 4)Apprenticeship vs. work paralysis 5)Sexual polarization vs. bisexual confusion 6)Leadership and follower ship vs. authority confusion 7)Ideological commitment vs. confusion of values |
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Marcia's characteristics of Mature Identity in relation to Crisis Commitment:
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Identity diffused: subjects have not yet experienced a crisis period, nor have made any commitment
Foreclosure: Subject's haven't experienced a crisis but they have made commitments to occupations and ideologies that aren't the result of their own searching but are ready-made and handed down to them normally by parents. Moratorium: means a period of delay granted t someone who isn't yet ready to make a decision or assume obligation. During adolescence, it's a period of exploration of alternatives before commitments are made. Identity achieved:Subjects have experienced a psychological moratorium, have resolved their identity crisis by carefully evaluating various alternatives and choices, and come to conclusions on their own. |
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sex role:
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-biologically sex is genetically and hormonally determined.
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gender role:
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-the behaviors that are supposedly characteristics of men and women.
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gender:
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- the psychological/sociological construct of what it means to be a man or woman
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gender identification:
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- process by which an individual ascribe to him or herself the characteristic of another person
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Teenage sexual practices:
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-by age 17, more than half of adolescents are sexually active
-girls on average lose virginity by age 17, boys at 16 -today's adolescents are having sex earlier than their grandparents but not their parents |
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Types of Contraception:
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-condoms
-birth control pills -withdrawal |
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STDs:
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-Sexually active teens are at risk of contracting an STD due to biological vulnerability and a variety of risk-taking behaviors.
-50% of STDs are contracted individuals 15-24 years -HPV most common contracted STD -Second most common STD is trichomoniasis -Girls more likely to get STD rather than boys -Many STDs don't have symptoms |
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Theories of the "causes" of sexual orientation, BIOLOGICAL THEORIES:
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-due to genetic differences
-due to exposure to atypical concentrations of prenatal sex hormones -due to differences in brain structure |
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Theories of the "causes" of sexual orientation, PSYCHOANALYTIC/ PARENTING THEORIES:
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-Traditionally homosexuality was thought to be causes by problems in parent-child relationships in family
-There is little evidence that parents have much effect upon their children's sexual orientation |
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Characteristics of Homosexual Youth:
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Three stages:
1)sensitization 2)awareness of guilt, denial, confusion, shame 3)acceptance |
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Sex education in home and in school:
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*Parents are important for a source of values and attitudes, however most parents are deficient in sex education because:
-they are too embarrassed -trouble overcoming incest barrier b/t them and children -they are uninformed SCHOOL: -family and sex are parts of numerous courses already offered -preparing youths for happy marriage and responsible parenthood is an important goal -most common approach is abstinence; preferred model |
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Barber's view on the 3 components of Parenting:
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-Connection: presence of warm, stable, loving bond b/t parent and children
-Psychological Autonomy: freedom to form one's own opinions, have privacy, and make one's own decisions. Regulation: Monitoring and supervising behavior and setting rules (this helps children self-control and helps them avoid anti-social behavior) *POSITIVE PARENTAL SUPPORT IS ASSOCIATED WITH CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS WITH PARENTS AND SIBLINGS, HIGH SELF-ESTEEM, ACADEMIC SUCCESS, AND ADVANCED MORAL DEVELOPMENT |
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Newman's views on what youth want from their parents:
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-interested in them and are available when they need help
-listen to them and try to understand their children -tell them they love them -show approval of child -accept them, faults and all |
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Importance of Parental Support:
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-Positive parental support is associated with close relationships with parents and siblings, high self-esteem, academic success, and advanced moral development
-Lack of parental support results in the opposite: low self-esteem |
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Effect of birth order on personality:
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-older siblings serve as role models for younger siblings
-older siblings serve as surrogate parents and caregivers -older siblings often provide companionship, friendship, meet other siblings needs |
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Sympathy:
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-feelings of pity and sorrow for someone else's misfortune
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Empathy:
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-Ability to identify with the thoughts, attitudes, and feelings of another person
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Apathy:
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-Lack of concern, interest, enthusiasm
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Cohesion/ Adhesion in Families:
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-Cohesion:Degree to which family members are connected to one another
-Adhesion:Occurs as adolescent continues, family grows apart as the adolescent seeks distance |
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Different attachment styles: AVOIDANCE, SECURE, ANXIOUS:
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-Avoidance: Youths are aloof and distant, afraid of being hurt; fostered by cold, rejecting parents
-Secure: Youths are trusting and open to others; fostered by parents who were consistently warm and nurturing -Anxious:Youths are nervous and insecure in relationships; fostered by insecure parenting. |
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Importance of separation-individuation in becoming independent:
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-When making transition from childhood to adulthood, the adolescent needs to establish a degree of autonomy and identity in order to assume adult roles and responsibilities
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Concept of Autonomy:
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-independence of freedom
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Characteristics of victims of sexual abuse:
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-high levels of depression, anxiety, sexual problems, suicidal threats and possible anti-social behavior.
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Adolescents reaction to Divorce:
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-More upset the parent is, the more upset the child will be
-Shock, disbelief, self-blame, guilt -Adolescent can become distressed by fighting and not want to be the go-between, spies, etc. |
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Burn & Dunlop's study on adolescents grief over parental divorce:
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-Negative emotions almost always don't last
-Usually 3 years after divorce, most children report that their sadness and shock has been replaced with relief and gladness. -Anger toward, usually father, remains |
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Other effects divorce has on Adolescents:
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-Likely to experience poverty or a decline in their standard living.
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Step-parenting issues:
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-More second marriages end in divorce, often due to the stepchild
-Complications b/t which children feel in priority -Step mother usually has hard time than step father -children can't accept a "substitute" parent |
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Divorce Rates for first & second marriages:
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First- More than 50% of divorce women who have kids will remarry within % years of divorce, more than 3/4 will do so within 10 years
Second- More likely to end in divorce |
