Inf And Child Dev Exam Ii Final

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Acquisition of language: What are symbols?

Back 1

systems for representing our thoughts, feelings and knowledge and for communicating them to other people

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Define SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXT

Back 2

research with children of different language communities and examining language acquisition differences

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What are the 4 components of language

Back 3

phonological development
semantic development
syntactic development
pragmatic development

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Define phonological development

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it is the acquisition of knowledge about the sound system of their language

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Phonological development: what is a phoneme?

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the elementary units of sound used to produce languages and help in distinguishing meaning


ex. English uses 45 of the 200 phonemes in the world
combinations are found in some but not all cultures

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In semantic development, what is a morpheme?

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Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning comprised of one or more phenomes ex I and dogs

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In syntactic development, what does syntax mean?

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syntax are rules of language, specifies how words from different categories can be combined


Mary likes Jack vs Jack likes mary

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in Pragmatic development, what is metalinguistic knowledge?

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metalinguistic language is an understanding of the properties and function of language

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in terms of the brain's language connection, defind functional localization

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function localization - hemispheric differences in language fxning

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Broca (1861)

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observed language deficits in patients with various forms of brain injuries

"we speak with the left hemisphere"

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left hemisphere specialization for language also comes from EEG studies

greater electrical activity in the LEFT hemisphere than in the right when listening to speech is an example of

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modern day thoughs

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specialization for language is evident in what hemisphere

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left

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aphasia

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a condition in which language functions are severly impaired

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broca's aphasia

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association w injury in front part of left hemisphere

near motor cortex

ie - difficulty producing speech

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wiernicke's aphasia

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associated with damange in an area next to auditory cortex

no trouble producing speech but what they say does not make sense,

lang comprehension impaired

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broca's aphasia results in damange in what part of brain

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front part of left hemisphere, near motor cortex

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damage in wernicke's aphasia is in what part of the brain?

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area next to auditory cortex

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critical period of language development hypothesis

adults beyond the critical period are _____ likely to suffer permanent language impairment from brain damange than are children

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more

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critical pd of development hypothesis:

adults who learn a ________ ______ show different patterns of cerebral organization when they are ______ learners than ____ learners

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second language, late, early

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What are the stages of language development


PSTP

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PSTP


1. prelinguistic stage
2. single world stage
3. telegraphic speech
4. preschool yrs

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describe the prelinguistic stage in language development

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prelinguistic stage: birth to first words
-early sensitive to language at birth
- newborns orient to human voice
- categorical speech perception
ex. difference between b and p
- universal adaptability at birth
- later becomes specialized based on experience w native language

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prelingistic stage- babies are sensitive to distributional properties of speech. why

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- recognize how often sounds are used together
-distinguish words and nonwords based on sounds that go together, no meaning

ex.. pretty baby vs pret yba by

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stages of development: prelinguistic stage


What are the first vocalizations of babies>

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-crying : "fake cries" begin around 3 wks
-cooing : 6 wks
-babbling : 6 to 7 months

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is babbling found in deaf and hearing infants?

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yes- babble w/ hands

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Name and describe the single world stage of the stages of language development

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single word stage: holophrastic period

-begins around 10 to 13 months of age
-manual signs appear at the same time as vocal words


first words are based on interest

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give examples of first words of babies in the holophrastic pd of the single word stage in language development

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food and drink - juice, milk, cookie, water

vehicles- car

animals- cat dog duck
toys- ball, blocks

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name and describe individual styles of learning words

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1. referencial or analytical - names of objects/people
2. expressive or holistic - social words/phrases
wait and see style- speak later/more vocabulary

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overextension in the holophrastic pd

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over extension - child uses a word to refer to a wider rage of objects or events

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underextension in single word stage

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underextension- child uses world to refer to a more narrow range of objects/events

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telegraphic speech 0

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telegraphic speech : simple word combos

syntax of 1st word combos
ex. S - V - O order
can express many kinds of relationships
ex. themselevs to food items

Hirsh - Pasek & Golinkoff 1991

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Stages of Language Development

Telegraphic Speech : describe

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Telegraphic Speech: Simple Word Combos

- can express many kinds of relationships
ex. themselves to objects
themselevs to food items

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Stages of development: preschool years

semantic development

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lang increases in vocab (10-20 words/wk)
-conversation styles

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nature vs nurture controversy:

what are the two theories

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learning theory (nurture) 1970s

nativist approach (nature)

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nature vs nurture controversey

learning theory

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Nurture -

children get feedback from parents

brown and hanlon- infants do not get corrected for grammatical error- only semantic error

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nature vs nurture

nativist approach

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nature-

chomsky: infants have an innate language acquisition device take input from surroundings to develop language skills

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evidence for nativist position (nature)

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biological features in brain:

localized vocal mechanisms and specialized brain center

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evidence for nativist position (nature)

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1. biological features in brain
2. crtical pd for language acqusition

--easiest up to puberty
ex. genie