Inequality And Stratification - Chapters 6, 8 And 9

Front 1

Define The Feminization of labor?

Back 1

The growing number or proportion of women that are in the paid workforce. More women are working for pay.

Front 2

Statistics on the feminization of labor?

Back 2

1900 - 1 out of 5 women age 16 or older

1950 - 1/3 of women

1980 - 1/2 of women

1990 - 3 out of 5

2008 - 4 out of 5

Front 3

define the term the Second Shift?

Back 3

The second shift refers to women who go home after working for pay and and do childrearing and domestic work.

Front 4

Name 3 reasons the feminization of labor?

Back 4

1 - There have been expanding job opportunities for women. The pay was higher than original wages for women.
2 - Women joined workforce when the U.S. began having economics, partly due to jeeping up with the Jones. Women with working wives earn $30,000 more.
3 - The growing divorce rate. Women earn 78% of men.

Front 5

Define Occupational Sex Segregation?

Back 5

Women's occupations still tend to be concentrated in certain kinds of occupations. Women make up 90% of kindergarten teachers, nurses, hairdressers, dental hygienists, childcare workers and receptionsists. These occupations pay less due the differences in education and skills.

Front 6

Name 2 reasons for occupational sex segregation?

Back 6

Gender Role Socialization
1 - From the time children are young they are socialized in different kind of activities, girls play with dolls, boys with trucks, this carries over into thier occupational choices.
2 - Labor Market Perspective - Women are victims of supply and demand. There are age old discriminatory ideas of what roles play in managerial and leadership positions.

Front 7

Name 8 barriers that women face in attempting to obtain higher earnings?

Back 7

1 - Women have less access to training and apprentorship programs.

2 - Women are more likely to be appointed to perceived gender related tasks or light work

3 - Women have less access to information about job openings.

4 - Women have less fully developed job networks. It's not what you know but who you know.

5 - Seniority systems that limit women. Women leave their jobs at times and that hurts with seniority

6 - The disproportionate number of women in smaller industries and firms.

7 - Stereotyping, discrimination, and the crowding of women in certain kinds of occupations, that is occupational sex segregation.

8 - Lack of internal mobility, or career ladder for female occupations. Women can't move up into higher level managments as easy in the kinds of occupations they chose.

Front 8

What percentage of male earnings do women make?

Back 8

2008- Women earn 78% of men's wages
1979 - Women earned 63% of what men make.

Front 9

Name 5 reasons for the differences in earnings between men and women?

Back 9

1 - Differences in work interruptions. Women will take long periods of time off of work.
2 - Occupational Sex Segregation - This is a structural factor. These occupations are culturally defined. Salaries also get defined culturally.
3 - Sterotypical beliefs and attitudes that women are more committed to their families than their jobs.
4 - Women don't like to negotiate their salaries.
5 - Union membersip - A smaller percentage of women have higher paying union jobs.

Front 10

Define Glass Ceiling?

Back 10

Seemingly invisible barrier to higher management positions by women. Women occupy 1/3 of management positions.

Front 11

Define Social Status?

Back 11

Social Status refers to collective subjective evaluation of group by other members of that society using contemporary standards, values, and beliefs. Status encompasses common terms such as prestige, social standing, respect, disrespect, distain, or esteem.

Front 12

Define Ascribed Prestige?

Back 12

Ascribed Prestige is rooted in socialization experiences beginning in childhood and carrying on through the life cycle that teaches each new generation that some occupations have more prestige than others.

Front 13

Define Achieved Prestige?

Back 13

Occupations earn prestige on the basis of an evaluation process in which they are ranked on the perceived characteristics of the work. As a general rule prestige is related to levels of income and education.

Front 14

Define Contact Hypothesis?

Back 14

The prediction that increased interpersonal contacts among members of diverse groups promotes positive attitides and reduces intolerance and prejudice.

Front 15

Dual Housing Market?

Back 15

Individual's choices are limited by a variety of individuals and agencies, including realtors, lending institutions, and insurance companies- both overtly and quietly limitting the housing opportunities of the poor and racial groups.

Front 16

Define Melting Pot?

Back 16

The imagery of a melting pot defines America as a crucible in which the various immigrant nationalities blend to create a unique new American culture.

Front 17

Define Muticulturalism?

Back 17

The image of a pluralistics nation of many racial and ethnic groups maintaining their unique identities and enjoying mutual acceptance and respect.

Front 18

Define Poor White Trash?

Back 18

The phrase combines racial and social class imagery in the form of a group of stupid and lazy families.

Front 19

Define Social Distance?

Back 19

A concept in the 1920's to measure white's willingness to accept racial and ethnic minorities in different social situations. Respondents are asked if they would be willing to accept group members in various situations such as residents, visitors, speaking acquaintences, workgroup, neighborhood etc.

Front 20

Define White Privilege?

Back 20

The subtle and often unnoticed advantages of being white in contemporary society.

Front 21

Define Microinequities?

Back 21

The ways individuals are singled out, ignored, discounted on the basis of sex, race or age. Examples could be sexist or use foul language around women which occurs on a regular basis.

Front 22

Name the 5 subtle forms of sex discrimination in the workplace, as defined by Benokraitis & Feagin?

Back 22

1 - Chivalry - treatment of women in an overly protective manner. This encourages the position of women as less able than men.

2 - Forms of humor & suggestion - sometimes not meant to harm however it can embarrass or demean women in the workplace.

3 - Treating women as objects. Treating women as sex symbols or status objects.

4 - Devaluing the talents & abilities of women - instead of focusing on the good job they have done they focus on how nice they looked that day. Superficiality.

5 - Socially & physically isolating women in professional setting, creating male dominated cliques where women are often excluded.

Front 23

Define spurious relationships?

Back 23

Unrelated, variable that correlates but there is no meaningful significance.

Front 24

Name 5 reasons for the decline in gender stratification?

Back 24

1 - Female labor force participation - The feminization of labor which is the growing number of women in the workplace. Now women are earning their own money and are less economically dependent on men.

2 - Advances in Medical Technology- This allows women to control and regulate child birth and when or if they are going to have children.

3 - Legal Changes - Laws now serve as codified norms. Civil right laws held women back by regulating the number of hours women could work in an effort to protect them which hurt them.

4 - Higher Education - Women are earning degrees equal to men and so there is a leveling off of an earnings gap pertaining to education.

5 - Rise of Feminism - There is a social movement for every social problem that pushes changes in legislation.

Front 25

Describe the two waves of feminism?

Back 25

1st wave- 1898 - 1920, removal of barriers to the educational system and of attainment to the right to vote.

2nd wave of feminism - NOW in 1967, women fought for full equality, birth control, legalized abortion etc.

Front 26

Describe the two general categories that relate to the continuation of gender stratification?

Back 26

A. Traditional Gender Norms. 60% of married work in the paid workforce. 40% do not and this contributes to the 22% gap in the earnings between men and women. 80% of women 18 and older are in the workfoce.

2 - Voluntary part-time work force, 27% women, 11% men.
3 - Most employed wives have lower incomes even though they have the same education. Married women earn 69% of what their husbands earn.

4 - Women continue to work the second shift, domestic work after working full time. Household tasks, women work 33 hours vs. 14 hours for men. In terms of preparation of meals, women spend 9 hours vs. 2 hours. Household cleaning, women spend 8 hours vs. men less than 2 hours.

B. Institutional Discrimination (2 themes)

1. Isolated Women Hypothesis - The lower proportion of women in a workgroup the greater the discrimination against them.

2 - Occupation Sex Segregation - Men and women are socialized to seek certain occupations through their culture.

Front 27

Define Race?

Back 27

Race is a category of people with common physical characteristics are believed to make them socially distinct. Examples include African Americans, whites and hispanics.

Front 28

Define Ethnic Groups?

Back 28

Ethnic Groups are distinct from the dominant group in terms of cultural backgrounds, examples include Polish Americans and Japanese Americans.

Front 29

What does the Earnings data for the U. S. Census 2005 stating Medium Income by Race?

Back 29

Asian Americans $61,094
Whites 50,784
Hispanic Americans 35,964
Native American 33,627
African Americans 30,855

Front 30

Name three reasons for poverty in the U. S.?

Back 30

1 - Cuts in Welfare programs
2 - Deindustrialization of America
3 - Increased Divorce Rates and Single motherhood.

Front 31

State the U. S. Poverty Rate?

Back 31

African Americans 25%
Native Americans 25.3%
Hispanics 22%
Whites 8.3

Front 32

Define Occupational Upgrading?

Back 32

There is a greater percentage of African Americans and other minorities earning white collar jobs. 1940's 6%
1990's 1/2 of African Americans had white collar occupations.

Front 33

What occupations are African Americans are overrepresented in?

Back 33

Nurse Aids 43%
Police 29%
Barber 39%
Maids 27%
Taxi Drivers 27%

Front 34

List the percentages of African Americans in highly specialized fields?

Back 34

Architects 2%
Civil Engineers 2%
Vets 2%
Airline Pilots Less than 2%

Front 35

High School Graduation Rates by Race?

Back 35

1960 - 43% of whites graduate
20% of African Americans

2008 - 90% of whites graduated
80% of African Amer.
57% of Hispanics

Front 36

College graduation Rates by Race?

Back 36

1960 - 8% of whites graduated college

3% of African Americans
graduated college

2008 - 30% of white college
17% of African Amer.
11% of Hispanics

Front 37

What two factors did 20th Century Scholar W. E. B. Dubois believe affected the every day living conditions of blacks everyday.

Back 37

1 - Economic Factors

2 - Racial Discrimination

Front 38

What controversial statement did William Julius Wilson make regarding the quality of lives of African Americans.

Back 38

He stated that social class had become more important than race in shaping the life chances of African Americans today.

Front 39

What 3 Middle Class trends did William Julius Wilson believed created urban unemployment of African Americans.

Back 39

1 - The shift from manufacturing to service based economics.
2 - African Americans have been hard hit by shifts in low wage to high wage labor markets.
3 - Problems were created by movement of industries out of central cities and urban areas.

Front 40

What was Charles Willie's theory regarding the life chances of African Americans.

Back 40

Charles Willie disagreed with Wilson and believed that race was even more significant today than historically. Surveys have shown over the last 25 years that there is a continuing influence of race on one's quality of life.

African Americans score lower in terms of measurement of happiness, satisfaction, health and healthcare and other quality of life issues.

Front 41

Define Lifestyle?

Back 41

Lifestyle refers to the common values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that are shaped by position in the stratification system

Front 42

Define learning-generalization hypothesis?

Back 42

Learning-generalization hypothesis argues that lessons learned in one sphere of life carried into other areas of life

Front 43

Define noblesse oblique?

Back 43

An emphasis that the women of upper class families feel to the less advantaged members of society? Sometimes the elite try to focus the fundraising toward areas that they feel most appropriate. Also the elite like to be seen helping the poor to take te heat off of those who are critical of their posh lifestyles.

Front 44

Define conspicuous consumption?

Back 44

Conspicuous consumption is the open and public display of luxury for the express purpose of flaunting their vast wealth.

Front 45

What is the political makeup of the upper middle class?

Back 45

The upper middle class people are political and social moderates. Support for women's rights and civil rights and aid for the poor is strong.

Front 46

What is the ratio for children growing up poor in America?

Back 46

1 in 5 children in America grow up poor. (20%)

45% of black children grow up poor

30% of Hispanic childrren grow up poor
16% of Canada's
13% of Australia and Japan
11 in Germany
5% in Sweden and Luxembourg

Front 47

How many of poor parents read books to their children a day?

Back 47

2 in 5 of poor parents read to their chilren almost every day compared to 56% of higher-income parents.

Front 48

Define food insecurity?

Back 48

A bureaucratic term meaning households are so limited in resources, that the eat lesser quality foods or parents skip meals so their children can eat

Front 49

Define Hunger?

Back 49

Hunger is an uneasy or painful sensation caused by the lack of food.
8.1 Million children participate in school breakfast programs and 19 million people participate in Food Stamp programs
U. S. has 36,000 food pantries, soup kitchens and homeless shelters.

Front 50

Define Boutique Medicine?

Back 50

Deliberately small medical clinics that cater to the wealthy.

Front 51

How many people in the U.S. are victims of crime each year?

Back 51

50 people per 1,000.

Front 52

What is racial profiling?

Back 52

Racial profiling is when you target people for heightened law enforcement scrutiny based on their race. Research shows that Blacks are more likely to be stopped by police than whites.

Front 53

What percentage of defentants charged with felonies in the nation 75 largese counties relied upon court appointed counsel for legal representation.

Back 53

80%

Front 54

What percentage of public defenders won dismissals of their client's cases as compared to private attorneys.

Back 54

11 percent for court appointed vs. 48 for private attorneys.

75% of inmates were represented by court appointed attorneys.

Front 55

Define white collar crime?

Back 55

White collar crimes are offenses committed by people acting in their legitimate occupational roles.

Front 56

What is the leading cause of death in industrialized nations?

Back 56

Heart disease.

Front 57

What is the world's rate of infant deaths?

Back 57

57 deaths per 1,000.

7 per 1,000 in the U. S.

Front 58

What is the percentage of black mothers dying while giving birth compared to whites.

Back 58

Block mothers are four times as likely to die giving birth than white mothers. This number has not changed since the 1960's. Each year more than 300 white mothers die giving childbirth. Black women suffer from hypertension and diabetes, this could be the cause.

Front 59

What is environmental justice?

Back 59

Identifying and addressing the potentially adverse health effects of governmental and commercial actions on minority and low-income populations.