Industrial Revolution Vocab 1

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Agricultural revolution

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Period of improved farming methods which resulted in greater variety of crops entire copy yields that led to a population explosion and longer life expectancy. Improved efficiency of farming also lead to a decrease in the number of farmers necessary which caused a surplus of workers who migrated to cities to find work in new factories.

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Industrial revolution

Back 2

radical social and economic changes that took place in England in the late 18th century brought about when extensive mechanization of production systems results in a shift from home manufacturing (cottage industry/putting-out system) to large-scale factory production.

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Enclosure movement

Back 3

process by which large, wealthy landowners took over and consolidated land formally shared by peasant farmers (common lands) for the purpose of creating large fields to be cultivated more efficiently. The effect was that small farmers could not compete and were forced either work for the wealthy landowners are go to cities and find work in factories.

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Smelt

Back 4

process of separating iron from its ore. Originally charcoal was used for this process; however Abraham Darby used call for this process because it was less expensive and produce a better-quality iron.

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Enterprise

Back 5

a business organization in an area such as shipbuilding, mining, railroads, or factories.

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Entrepreneur

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person who managed and assumes the financial risks of starting a new business.

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Putting-out System

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A.k.a. cottage industry: system of distributing raw materials (cotton) to peasant families (during winter months) who spun into thread and then wove the thread into cloth in their own homes. Then merchants would distribute the cloth to skilled artisans in the towns who would finish and dye the cloth.

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Urbanization

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The movement of people to cities. Changes in farming, soaring population growth, and increasing demand for workers led to masses of people to migrate from farms to cities (factories). Small towns grew at alarming rates.

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Middle Class

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Bourgeoisie, merchants, factory/mine owners, railroad entrepreneurs, professionals (doctors, lawyers, bankers, etc...), merchants who lived in nicer homes on paved streets and wore fancier clothing. The people took pride in their drive, hard work and determination to "get ahead." Middle-class women stayed home to raise their children.

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Industrial Working Class

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Poor, working families (many former farmer families) who worked in factories or mines. They worked in very tough conditions and uncomfortable environment for little pay and very long hours.

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Tenement

Back 11

A multi-story apartment building where the industrial working class resided. Usually placed in "unsavory" areas of the city, tenements had no running water, sewage, war sanitation systems. The stench was usually overwhelming in these areas in constant need to spread quickly in these buildings also due to poor ventilation systems.

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Labor Union

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Illegal organization of workers brought about by unsafe working conditions, low pay, and poor treatment by factory bosses. The goal of labor unions was to initiate reforms to improve conditions and increased pay, however they had no political power therefore frustration sometimes the to violence.

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Methodist

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Religious movement influenced by the industrial revolution which appealed to working-class people. The founder, John Wesley, stressed the need for personal sense of faith and encourage followers to adopt sober, more always. This group became known as the Methodists and focused on the spot on the areas where Sunday schools were set up to study the Bible as well as teach support to read and write. The Methodists help the workers with their form ideas.

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Factory Acts

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Child labor reform laws that were passed in the early 1800s. These laws were the first to regular a child's workday to 12 hours in the mood change and under the age of 8 or 9 from cotton mills and mines.

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Laissez-fair Economics

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Enlightenment philosophy that believed the government should not just here in the free operation of the economy. By the 1800s, middle-class business leaders embrace this government "hands-off" philosophy. Adam Smith's book The Wealth of Nations was written to explain how the free-market system would take care of all in the economy, not just the wealthy.

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Utilitarianism

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The idea that the goal of society should be "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" of its citizens. Jeremy Bentham believed that all laws or actions should be judged by their "utility."

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Socialist

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The people as a whole rather than private individuals would own and operate the means of production. They believed that industrial capitalism created a golf between the rich and the poor and they worked to end poverty and injustice.

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Means Of Production

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The farms, factories, railways and other large businesses that produced and distributed goods to a society.

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Utopian socialism

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All work was shared and all property was owned in common. There was no difference between the rich and the poor. Early Utopian socialists created model communities to put their ideas into practice.

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Communism

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Originally this is the idea put forth by Marx & Engels in which a struggle between the social classes would lead to a classless society where all means of production would be owned by the community. In practice, however, it has come to refer to a system in which governments led by a small elite (or dictator) controlled all economic and political life.

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Proletariat

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According to Marx, this is a group with in society referred to as the "have-nots" or work the working class. He believed the proletariat would rise up against the bourgeoisie and the proletariat would be triumphant. He believed this would end poverty for most people and create prosperity.