Industrial Revolution

Front 1

Great Britain's advantages at start of Industrial Revolution

Back 1

Europe's leading commercial and colonial power, water transportation, labor, capital, raw materials

Front 2

why was Great Britain so wealthy

Back 2

was able to amass and mobilize wealth due to national banking system, was free of internal tariff barriers and govt. sympathized w/ business interests, entrepreneurship (at heart of industrialization) was more socially accepted in England than anywhere else in Europe

Front 3

How did Britain's agricultural revolution set the stage for the industrial revolution

Back 3

fewer and fewer people produced more and more food; people began moving to cities and declining food prices enabled more families to purchase manufactured goods

Front 4

how could enterprising landowners from agricultural revolution use their profits

Back 4

to invest in the many business and commercial opportunities becoming available

Front 5

what industry led the way in the industrial revolution

Back 5

textiles; by 1850, British cotton manufacturers had boosted production to more than 2,000 million yds. per year

Front 6

what percentage did cotton account in British exports

Back 6

40%

Front 7

what other industry grew tremendously

Back 7

iron production- new processes in smelting iron allowed iron to be produced easier to meet growing demands

Front 8

industrial revolution's most important technological advance

Back 8

steam engine; power allowed factories to locate far away from water power sites to help guard secrets and mold new labor force

Front 9

what emerged due to the growing factories

Back 9

factory system; many workers producing goods in a repetitive series of steps and specialized tasks using powerful machines

Front 10

what effect did the factory system have on owners, investors, and workers

Back 10

brought unprecedented wealth to owners and investors, but new hardships for the workers who toiled in them

Front 11

as ind. rev. picked up speed, what demand intensified

Back 11

demand for coal; coal fueled the revolution and much money was spent extracting it; mining and manufacturing became intertwined

Front 12

what modern invention tied the industrial revolution together

Back 12

development of modern railroad by George Stevenson; by 1850 trains were chugging across 2,000 mi. of tracks, carrying heavy freight w/ unprecedented ease

Front 13

what effect did the railroad have on jobs

Back 13

created new ones while destroying old ones

Front 14

what had Britain achieved by 1851

Back 14

produced more than half of the world's cotton, cloth, and iron and had become the first industrialized nation

Front 15

when did industrialization spread outside of Britain

Back 15

not until after 1830; spread to Belgium (especially), northeastern France, northern German states, northwestern Italy

Front 16

what enabled these other areas to begin to industrialize as well

Back 16

these areas had plenty of urban laborers, deposits of iron and coal, and a developed transportation system

Front 17

reasons for other govts. to industrialize

Back 17

envious of British wealth, pressured by British competition, recognition of military potential of cheap iron and rail transportation

Front 18

because of these reasons, what did these other govts. do that the British had not

Back 18

took a more active role in supporting industrialization such as subsidizing new industries and partially financing railroads through govt. and foreign capital

Front 19

which places in Europe remained virtually untouched by the revolution

Back 19

most of southern, central, and eastern Europe (vast majority remained in countryside tied to subsistence farms or large agricultural estates)

Front 20

how did Britain's GNP increase between 1780 and 1850

Back 20

increased more than 3-fold

Front 21

what happened to Britain's population between 1780 and 1850

Back 21

increased from 175 million to 266 million

Front 22

between 1800-1850 how much did the per-capita income increase

Back 22

75%, however, this increase mainly represented the bourgeoisie

Front 23

who gained the most during the industrialization

Back 23

factory and mine owners

Front 24

what did life in the city give the working class that no one could have foreseen

Back 24

a new sense of class-consciousness, an awareness of their own unique burdens and hardships that emboldened them into action, alarming the onlooking middle-class

Front 25

what types of health impacts did working in the cities have on working class

Back 25

the poor, working-class lived half as long as the middle-class

Front 26

in 1850, more people were being hurt by doctors than helped, great strides were being made in medicine, but...

Back 26

these promising new developments would not come until the second half of the 19th century

Front 27

how did family life change for the middle-class

Back 27

families were smaller and children weren't seen as economic assets but as fulfilling products of a good home, fathers saw their homes as private and women no longer had to contribute to business (man was the breadwinner); middle class not only developed it's own ideas of what a family should be, it made these ideas the norm for everyone else

Front 28

what was a middle-class woman's role in the family

Back 28

life in the domestic sphere; should support husband, care for children, run a virtuous home, politics were out of the question

Front 29

what was family life like for the working class

Back 29

many women were pulled away from homes to work in factories (employers preferred women because they were cheap), in the earlier decades children worked, but in later decades after reforms, many mothers resorted to drugging their children w/ Laudanum or leaving them in the care of baby farmers

Front 30

what would happen to working class women during recessions

Back 30

employers would lay off higher paid male employees first, leaving the women w/ the overwhelming burden of managing both a paid job and a domestic life at home