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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Enclosure Movement consisted of
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no more common lands for animals to graze
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New British Agricultural Technology and Their Inventors
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Jethro Tull - Seed Drill, Charles Townshend - Crop Rotation (borrowed from Dutch) (called Turnip Townshend), Robert Bakewell - breeding of best animals, also had other simple inventions like the iron plow...all these inventions made farming easier but at a cost
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The Enclosure Movement consisted of
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no more common lands for animals to graze
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Enclosure Movement (England)
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no more common lands for animals to graze. Now there are individual plots, and wealthy landowners benefits
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As a result of the enclosure movement
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1. smaller land owners became tenant farmers or moved to cities, 2. with no common lands, farmers were free to experiment on own without worrying about permission from village - people started having scientific approaches to farm
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New Technology
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Jethro Tull - Seed Drill, Charles Townshend - Crop Rotation, Robert Bakewell - Breeding of Best Animals... simple inventions like iron plow... all these inventions made farming easier but at a cost
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Factors of Production
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1. Land, 2. Labor, 3. Capital
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GB had large supplies of all of these things
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iron ore, rivers, population, new technology, etc.
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What made GB the center of the IR
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Geography + Stable Political Environment
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What else?
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population boom from 1750-1850, part luck and part Jenner's invention of smallpox vaccine
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Mechanization
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use of automatic machinery introduced around 1700
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Hargreaves invented
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Spinning Jenny (8x more thread than single wheel)
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Arkwright
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found way to drive Spinning Jenny using water power and opened first spinning mill which began modern factory system
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Eli Whitney's 1793 invention of the ____ ____ fed England's new high demand for ____
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cotton gin, cotton
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Difference between Old Way and New Way of making products
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Domestic system - workers finished job at home an were paid based on number of items completed...New Way - workers only work on small part of job and work in a room under supervisor, and are paid based on hours worked
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Mass Production
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produce large numbers of identical items in short period of time; made easier by Assembly Line (Henry Ford)
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Bad Conditions produced by the IR
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-Owners wanted young unskilled workers with no habits
-Often hired women and children -Wages followed supply and demand -Factory conditions were terrible - cold, damp, unsanitary with no safety laws, no freedoms, and long 14 hour days for 6 days a week -Outside of work people lived in: tenements, shabby apartment buildings that could house up to a dozen people in one room |
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Railroad had the impact that
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1. Factory location, 2. Markets for good (farming), 3. Create jobs, 4. Vacation for middle class and upper classes
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Economic Changes of IR
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Rise of middle class - educated people in cities often worked in management or administration of factories, lower middle class still had it pretty bad while upper middle class could own property, dress nicely, and eat well
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Capitalism is a system that has
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a large gap between the haves and the have-nots
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Adam Smith advocated
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natural law, free enterprise, laissez-faire
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Thomas Malthus said that
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human poverty is inevitable because people multiply more rapidly than food supply increases
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David Riccardo
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"Iron Law of Wages" - workers will never make much money as population grows and more workers create a low demand for labor - free trade, if you trade, everyone benefits
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Charles Dickens
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most famous of authors who was realist and who attacked greedy employers and published terrible factory conditions
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Jeremy Bentham
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argued for reform under the philosophy of: Utilitarianism - "greatest happiness of the great number"
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John Stuart Mill
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government should work for good of all citizens and not discriminate based on social class - even argued for women's rights
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Most important information about IR
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-IR originated in England
-Major industries were cotton textile, iron, and steel -Enclosure movement -Rise of factory system over cottage industry -Hargreaves made the spinning jenny -Watt improved the steam engine -Whitney created the cotton gin -Bessemer improved the creation of steel with the Bessemer process -Jenner created the smallpox vaccine -Pasteur discovered that bacteria were causing disease |
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Impact of IR
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increase in pop, urbanization, pollution, education, and middle class. Also - dissatisfaction with working conditions (child labor, women, long hours, etc. - leads to labor unions), improved transportation and increased standard of living for some, but led to greater slavery (cotton gin)
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Captialism
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-Influenced by Adam Smith
-Increases the gap between the haves and the have-nots -Little to no government regulation -Based around the idea of competition -The people own the means of production -Focuses on free market trading and laissez-faire |
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Socialism
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-Influenced by Robert Owen, and Owen was in turn influenced by Bentham and believed if people lived in a good environment they would stop acting selfishly... known as utopian socialism. He actually managed his own cotton mill and took care of workers... tried to spread utopian communites but largely unsuccessful
-Narrows the gap between the haves and have-nots - tax and redistribute, regulation -Government controls certain aspects of the economy, like health care -Combination of capitalism and communism -Reaction to capitalism |
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Communism
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-Influenced by Karl Marx and Frederic Engels
-Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat -Eliminated the gap between the haves and the have-nots -Ideas were described in the Communist Manifesto -The government seized all property and wealth and redistributed it to the people equally and eventually there would be no need for government -Marx believed that the working class would rise up and overthrow the government -Communism, as the twentieth century knew it anyway, only existed in theory |
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Realism
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cynical view of humanity in which realists believe that life is full of inescapable suffering for the majority of people no matter what... or life is full of suffering for them majority of people no matter what... or life is full of suffering, so we should do something about it.
-Industrialism = Sadness -Poor Working Conditions, unsanitary housing, massive immigration to cities -World is Changing - pop explosion, rise of middle class, growth of suburbs -Emigration away from Europe -Push vs. Pull factors |
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Enter Liberals
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-One huge issue is voting
-Suffrage - extending the right to vote -Problems with current system 1. Only large property owners can vote 2. Open ballot 3. Unfair representation 4. Religious Discrimination |
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Gradually there is liberal reform like
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1. 1829 Catholic Relief Act
2. Reform Bill of 1832 (over 10% can vote) 3. Factory Act of 1833 4. Chartist movement (fizzles however has impact on thinking) 5. Reform Bill of 1867 (over 2/3 could vote) 6. Reform Bill of 1884 (Universal Male Suffrage) More males can vote, fairer represntation Creation of Public Education Creation of Police Force Cleaning up of cities - iron pipes, sewers, flushable tiolets, etc. Irish Question - should Ireland be independent? |
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Chartist Movement said that
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1. Universal Male Suffrage
2. Equal District Representation 3. MPs shouldn't have to be property owners 4. MPs paid 5. Annual Elections 6. Secret Ballot Written by William Lovett -Document submitted in 1838 * Rejected 235-46 -Rejected again in 1842 (despite 3 million signatures) and again in 1848 where movement then fizzled, but it did help lead to future reform bills |
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Gladstone
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Liberal (liberals focus on domestic issues)
What he aims to do is to -Expand Suffrage (does it) -Secret Ballot (does it) -Home Rule for Ireland (doesn't do it) |
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Final Liberal Victory
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Early 1900s Liberals started passing social laws, like old age pension, health insurance, unemployment insurance, etc. Leads to rise in taxes especially among wealthy
House of Lords vetoes many of these acts Parliament Act of 1911 - House of Lords cannot veto any tax or spending bills - why don't they veto this? King George V backs the liberals and forces the H.o.L. to accept change |
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Finally in 1928 women win the right to vote!
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Emeline Pankhurst
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France
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-Legitimacy: Louis XVIII
-1824 - Charles X, brother, takes over after Louis dies -Ruled as an absolute monarch - abolished liberal reforms, taxed people heavily to pay nobles back for losses in French Rev... -1830 People Revolt (July Revolt) What do we do now? -Louis Philippe - "Citizen King" * House of Orleans |
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Louis Philippe
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"Citizen King"
-Claimed to be a liberal ruler but was not -1848 - Food Shortage + Restriction of Freedom of Speech = REVOLT -National Guard summoned and joins revolt LP chased to England |
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2nd Republic established
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-Made the National Workshop (socialist, promises jobs for any person who comes to Paris, Paris is then flooded)
-Not that successful, needed tax to pay for the NW -Conservative members of National Assembly vote to end the workshop (Conservative Party is called the Party of Order) -Socialist Revolt occurs - 3 days of rioting |
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What do we do?
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Legitimists - want the old king to come back, feel that Louis Philippe is unjustly the king, not legitimate
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Louis Napoleon elected president
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-Louis Napoleon becomes Napoleon III
-Claimed to be a champion of democracy... -Limited to a single term but instead of leaving -Coup d'etat - he arrested 70 members of uncooperative national assembly in the middle of the night * Plebiscite - elected by 92% of vote |
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Why vote for Louis Napoleon
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1. People want stability
2. His name |
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Result of him being emperor
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-exiled critics
-Dominated the National Assembly -No freedom of speech -But did bring order for 20 years -Reign ended in Sedan in 1870 during war with Prussia/North German Confederation |
