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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Doctrine of Discovery
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agreement between sea fairing nations that the other countries would not interfere so they could continue exploring
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Columbian Exchange
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transfers of goods, disease, technology betwen Europe and New World
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Jacques Cartier
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French explorer who claimed todays Canada to be Frances
-first to describe and map Gulf of St. Lawrence and shores of St. Lawrence River |
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Montreal
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established in 1642 and fur trade capital for NWC
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Convention Act 1818
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where boundary between USA and canada will run
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BNA Act 1867
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confederating provinces into a nation
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Sec 91
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Canadian federal government replaces British government over Indians and all things related
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Manitoba Act 1870
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made Manitoba into a province
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Sec 31
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promise land for metis and settled any claims they may of had
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Act to Ammend Indian Act 1985
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-removed sexual discrimination in act so woman could now gain their status back
-more people than government expected so caused problems |
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Bill C-31
4 categories that Indians are recognised under: |
-indian status and band membership
-status with no band membership -no status with band membership -non status with no band membership |
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reserve lands
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land set aside for bands who signed treaty as a new oppurtunity
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bands
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group of FN that government set aside land for
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Band lists
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list of bands and the people who belong to each band
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status indian
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person registered/entitled to be under Sec 6 of 1985 Indian Act
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treaty indian
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indian that has status and signed treaty
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non-treaty
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status indian who did not sign treaty or not a descendant of someone who did sign treaty
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pheasant farm
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individual plots for each family and farm by hand
-leftover reserve land was encouraged to be surrendered |
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pass system
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prohibited FN from leaving their communitites without permission
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Permit system
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prevented FN to selling their goods without a permit and prevented people to come on reserve and buy goods without permission
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home farm
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created by government to teach FN how to farm by a farm instructor
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FIrst Meetings (3)
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collisions: transmission of disease and slave trade
Relationships: trade, evanglization, and colonial administartion Contacts: encounters between europe and non-europe that were usally peaceful |
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benefits of fur trade
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-FN benefited by new technologies and now had a choice who to sell furs too
-french and english benefited off expansion of land, new wealth |
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costs of fur trade
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FN lost their own independence, traditions, language, life, culture and gained disease
French and English had to keep bringing over new technologies to keep interest and were competing against one another |
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attitudes of the French and English towards FN
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used the FN for their own advantage and brought over disease to FN, caused tribal fights and tribes to die off
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missionaries
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to convert FN to christainity
FN thought they brought the disease and didnt like them |
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Who created the HBC
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radisson and Groseilliers
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who passed the royal charter and what year
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king charles the 2nd in 1670
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what did the charter enable
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monoply on indian trade
right to make treaties and laws right to defend |
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what were the boundaries of HBC territory and the name
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1.5 million square miles, rivers, lakes and called Ruperts land
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how did french gain monoply in 1686-1713
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-they fought for it by force
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how did French lose fur trade monoply
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-Treaty of Utrecht which settled War of Spanish Succession
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what year was NWC formed and how
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-1779 by Frobisher, Todd, Henry and wanted to break HBCs position in fur trade
-started to expand westward for better furs |
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Cuthbert Grant
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-leader of metis to fight against HBC for the monoply
-seven oaks with semple -grant wounded semple -NWC won the power on Red River |
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when grant moved from NWC to HBC
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-when HBC won back the Red River and they needed alliances with the metis
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Grants roles at HBC (4)
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-special constable at Fort Garry
-warden of plains of Red River -Justice of Peace -Council of Assiniboia and Sheriff of Assiniboia |
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Formation of Selkirk Settlement
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Whò: Selkirk
When: 1811; HBC granted him land Why: he read in a book about the west, social upheaval in Scotland, wanted to give them a better life Where: present day Manitoba and parts of surrounding land |
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What were some contributing factors to the Red River Resistance?
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-the metis became scared they would be pushed off their lands after Confederation so they prevented the government from entering their territory and seized Fort Garry
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factos contributing to Riel Resistance
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-Ottawa wasnt protecting their rights as metis, their land and survival of culture
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Louis Riels job in both
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-leader
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Rupertsland and North-Western Territory Order
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-it was made in 1870 and was significant because HBC sold their territories to the CND government, and all land titles of the HBC (Red River Colony) so now the FN territory was the CND governments and all rights of the HBC’s like make treaties, laws, right to defend was now the governments obligation
-Term 14 was that any law or treaty made by HBC was now under CND federal law |
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Treaty of Paris
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-The treaty outlined that France had a choice between keeping their New France land in North America or their Caribbean holdings; they chose the Caribbean holdings and lost complete control in North America
-It was significant to the development of Canada because Britain was now the only country left to develop Canada and they now had to find a way to settle the land and make alliances with the tribes that were allied with France |
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Royal Proclamation Act
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the offer for settlers land and acknowledged the First Nations
-any part of land that was not in prior commitment, settled or part of the HBC was reserved for the First Nations -it set territorial boundaries -outlawed private purchases of land; any land purchases had to be made through the Queen |
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Indian
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a person who is registered or entitled to be registered under Section 6 of the Indian Act 1985, excluding Inuit
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metis
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who self identifies as Metis, who is distinct from other aboriginal peoples, is or history nation ancestry and who is accepted by the Metis nation
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inuit
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direct descendent of a person of the race Aboriginal, do not have hunting and fishing restriction
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Number Treaty System
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the format for the Number Treaty system was that it brought a large amount of people together to decide the treaty, held lands in common; all members of the band had equal opportunity to the land
-annuity payments were promised -as long as the region had not been settled, First Nations could continue their life through the treaty process |
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how many numbered treaties and what year of first to last
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-11 treaties
-1st in 1871 -11th in 1921 |
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governments purpose for number treaties
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the governments purpose was because when they took over the HBC they had to continue the HBC’s charter rights and one was to make treaties
-Indians had allied with USA so Canada didn’t want them to allied together and fight Canada -way of keeping the peace |
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four promises made with the number treaties
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Medical: aid towards health and food
Hunt/fish/trap: the right to continue to hunt, etc. Education: the government provided schools and teachers on reserves Reserve lands: lands especially for reserves |
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Treaties can be interpreted as (three different ways
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1. International Treaties: signed between Great Britain & Canada and is strongest form of treaty
2. Contracts: agreement of terms where each party gave up something in exchange; contracts not that hard to break and can be over ruled by legislation 3. Legislation or Quasi: contract that has strength like legislation; carries into Constitution that it will recognize treaties; incorporates treaties into Canadian legislation |
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two types of land claims
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Comprehensive:
-any person who signed a numbered treaty could sign -claims can only be filed if a band or band representation can show the band is: 1. Organized society 2. occupied territory for time and memorial 3. Show their occupation of territory is at exclusion of any other band 4. Demonstrate that hunting, fishing and trapping still happen 5. Right to use resources and occupy region if not already been settled or given up for other means Specific: -any FN that wants to file for a region that has filed with the numbered treaties -in order to file, the band must prove they are short on land and didn’t receive enough land 1. Land Surrenders: government forces FN to give up unused land in promise they would receive money 2. Treaty Land Entitlements: band can demonstrate they didn’t receive enough land 3. Creation of New Reserves: new reserves made if band could demonstrate they were not given land |
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Act to Encourage Gradual Civilization of FN tribes in this Province
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First act to introduce the enfranchisement which means loss of Indian status and become British
-the intent was to remove distinction between Indians and non-Indians -gained the right to vote, family became enfranchised, given 50 acres of land, onetime payment of a share of treaty annuities or other band monies -only males over 21, able to read and write, free from debt and good moral character -problems sprung when people were no longer Indian but did not resemble British, couldn’t live on reserve, unsuccessful |
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Act for Gradual Enfranchisement for Indians and the Better Management of Indian Affairs 1869
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-government introduces self-government to FN as an attempt to remove traditional government
-bands given opportunity to create bylaws but had to be approved by government -allows FN women to vote for chief in council -instituted compulsory enfranchisement where a status FN women marries non-status she loses her status and the children are non-status |
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Act of Better Protection of Lands and Properties of Indians in Lower Canada
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-1st definition of who an Indian was
-assigned by Lower Canada government -all persons of Indian blood belonging to tribe and their descendants -all persons who intermarried with any Indian and living among them and their descendants -all persons residing among Indians whose parents were Indians and their descendants -all persons adopted at infancy by people residing in Indian lands and their descendants |
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Act for Protection of the Indians in Upper Canada from Imposition and the Property Occupied or Enjoyed by Them from Trespass and Injury
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-reinforces Royal Proclamation Act that stated only land dealings of Indians had to be with the Crown
-prevented Indians from having liens on their property -Indian could not lose property due to being poor -could not get liens/loans to increase development -in place to prevent loss of lands or use as collateral for improvements like buy machinery -protects and prevents further economic development -exempted Indians from paying taxation -no trespassers on Indian lands without permission or fined -prohibits pawn/exchange of Indian goods -prohibition of sale of alcohol to Indians -crown land commissioner given power as Justice of the Peace -to protect FN from settlers |
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intent of indian act 1876 and what was the new definition of an indian
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-to change the definition of an Indian: to a male, belonging to a band, if a woman married a status or her father was status she gained status, any Indian blood belonging to a band
-lost your status by enfranchisement if you had university education, clergy member, officer status in the military |
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why is the indian act important in todays society
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-the intent of the Indian act was to combine all previous acts into one that the government had to control the Indian population
-important today because it is a relationship between FN population and the government -gives them some rights and keep them recognized within the government |
