In-Line Complex

Front 1

Advantages & Disadvantages of in-line egg complex
production:

Back 1

A: Lower production costs over longterm
 Better control over egg quality
 Egg breakage (loss) less due to
decreased handling
 Better coordination between
production and processing personnel
 Fresher product- some eggs packed
and on truck in only a few hours
D: Difficult to produce different types
of eggs
 Potential for greater economic
losses associated with disease
outbreak or other disaster

Front 2

Advantages & Disadvantages of off-line production:

Back 2

A: Can produce and pack a variety of
egg types
 Separation of layer flocks reduces
potential for catastrophic losses
due to disease
D: Higher costs of production due to
transportation costs of birds, feed and
eggs.
 Less control over egg quality

Front 3

1. Vertically integrated:

Back 3

 Company controls all aspects of production
 Typical of large companies
 Can be complex and/or contract grower production
 If contract growers used, egg company owns birds, feed, eggs, trucking

Front 4

2. Non-integrated producers:

Back 4

 Producers may purchase chicks or ready-to-lay pullets and feed from suppliers
 May only own laying facilities and packing operation
 Typical of small producers (usually family-owned businesses), often producing
specialty eggs or serving specialty markets

Front 5

Egg markets (2005)

Back 5

-Retail (58.7%)
-Further processed (egg breaker) (31.9%)
o Foodservice (8.5%)
o Exports (0.9%)

Front 6

Egg sizes: carton weight (minimum net weight in oz/dz)

Back 6

 Peewee: 15
 Small: 18
 Medium: 21
 Large: 24
 Extra Large: 27
 Jumbo: 30

Front 7

Case of eggs

Back 7

30 dozen: 360 eggs

Front 8

Top shell egg markets

Back 8

1. Canada
2. Hong Kong
3. Caribbean (Cuba)

Front 9

Top egg product export markets

Back 9

1. Japan
2. Canada
3. Mexico

Front 10

Liquid and further processed egg products are broken and separated into:

Back 10

Shells
Whole eggs
Egg white
Egg yolk
Various blends

Front 11

Dark yolks require what?

Back 11

Requires a specialized, high pigment diet (xanthophylls)

Front 12

Brown shelled eggs are a ____ for some consumers.

Back 12

Visual preference

Front 13

Fertile eggs

Back 13

Floor production required, increases costs.

Front 14

Free range cages

Back 14

Hens allowed acess to out doors.

Front 15

Cage free eggs

Back 15

open floor but not allowed acess outside.

Front 16

Organic eggs

Back 16

Fed organic feed, nutrient no different than other eggs.

Front 17

Shell egg processing and packing

Back 17

 Washing
 Drying
 Mineral oil spray
 Candling

Front 18

6 “brand names” of birds

Back 18

- ISA
- Babcock
- Shaver
-Hisex
- Bovans
- Dekalb

Front 19

Yolk

Back 19

Contains protein, fat, vitamins, minerals,
cholesterol, and pigments.

Front 20

Albumen Has 4 layers what are they?

Back 20

Chalaziferous
 Inner thin layer
 Outer thick layer
 Outer thin layer

Front 21

Chalazae

Back 21

• two twisted, cordlike structures at the end of the yolk

Front 22

Shell Membranes

Back 22

• Adhere together
• Except at large end
 Form air cell

Front 23

Viscosity

Back 23

Resistance to flow
 Relative viscosity: water = 1
 Thin albumen = 5
 Thick albumen = 50
 Yolk ~ 500

Front 24

PH
Yolk
Albumen

Back 24

acidic 6.0

alkaline 7.6

Front 25

Ovary

Back 25

• Three phases of follicular
growth:
 Slow growth – lasting
month to years; 60-100
m in diameter
 Increasingly rapid growth
– several months
 Rapid growth phase – last
10 days prior to ovulation

Front 26

Infundibulum

Back 26

• “Catches” yolk
 (15-20 minutes).

Front 27

Magnum

Back 27

• Longest part of oviduct
(33 cm in chickens)
• Majority of albumen is
formed (thick)
• Passage takes 2-3 hrs.

Front 28

Isthmus

Back 28

• Forms inner and outer
membranes
• 1-2 hours

Front 29

Uterus (shell gland)

Back 29

• Site of calcification
• Takes approximately 20-22 hrs.

Front 30

Vagina

Back 30

• expel egg
• Cuticle added
• Stores sperm
 7-14 days in chickens
 over 21 days in turkeys

Front 31

Mamilliary knob

Back 31

egg shell strength

Front 32

Use of laying cages
Advantages:

Back 32

Greater automation
Better bird health management
Lower cost per bird for construction
Ease of management
• Feeders, lighting, vaccination, etc.
Less labor needs
Cleaner eggs than in nest or on floor

Front 33

Use of laying cages
Disadvantages:

Back 33

Manure handling
Fly problems
Higher initial investment
More blood spots in eggs

Front 34

Important cage design parameters:

Back 34

Hens per cage
Feeder space
Cage depth

Front 35

Single deck cage

Back 35

1 tier of cages
Old design
Likely the first cages ever used

Front 36

Drinkers have two types

Back 36

Cups, nipple(is most sanatary)

Front 37

the three types of feeders

Back 37

• Flexible auger
• Flat chain
Traveling hopper

Front 38

De-escalators/escalators

Back 38

Many types:
• Basket style
• Finger belts
• Rod

Front 39

Cross-conveyors

Back 39

2 main types:
• Rod
• Solid belt

Front 40

Design parameters:

Back 40

Manure handling system
Number of birds
Types of cages
Climate

Front 41

what are the advantages of using cages

Back 41

Greater automation
Better bird health management
Lower cost per bird for construction
Ease of management,Feeders, lighting, vaccination, etc.
Less labor needs
Cleaner eggs than in nest or on floors

Front 42

what are the disadvantages of using cages

Back 42

Manure handeling
Fly problems
initial investment higher
more blood spots in eggs

Front 43

what are non-food uses of egg products

Back 43

Manufacturing caccines
culture media
isolate proteins
animal feed
cosmetics

Front 44

name the chicken line for hy-line international

Back 44

white eggs:
W-98
W-36
CV-20

Front 45

What is the egg composition

Back 45

Albumen 11% protein
88%water
Shell 9-11% whole egg
95% mineral (ash)

Front 46

which ovary and oviduct is working in the chicken

Back 46

Left

Front 47

Where is the Yolk protein formation occurs in

Back 47

Liver

Front 48

where is the Spongey (Palisade) layer formed

Back 48

Uterus

Front 49

what is the waxy organic convering spread over shell by vagina

Back 49

Cuticle( bloom)

Front 50

On the Average how many pores does a egg contain

Back 50

7,000-17,000

Front 51

As hen per cage increase/ cage depth

Back 51

feed consumption decreases
feed production decreases

Front 52

what happens when feeder space increases

Back 52

feed consumption increases
egg production increases

Front 53

How many and what are they cage configerations

Back 53

5 configurations
1) single deck
2) Pyramid 2-4 levels
3) A-Frame w/ manure boards 3-5 levels
4) A-Frame w/ manure sheilds3-5 lvs
5) Vertical (cages not offset)
3-8lvs

Front 54

what is the % of eggs are used for further egg production

Back 54

32%

Front 55

What are the two types of belts

Back 55

Nylon and plastic

Front 56

what are the 5 largest companies

Back 56

Cal-Maine foods
Rose-Arce Farms
Moark LLC
Golden Oval Eggs