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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who is Florence Nightengale?
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1)The founder of modern nursing.
2)Connected poor sanitation to cholera and dysentery. 3)She believed a nurse should provide adequate nutrition, light, fresh air, warmth, quiet, and cleanliness. |
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What is Capitation?
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When a provider receives a set amount of money from a health care plan for each client or patient.
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What is a Critical Pathway?
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This is an organized list of tasks used to coordinate care for a patient; it also states how long a patient should stay for an individual procedure.
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What is DRG?
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This is an acronym for Diagnosis- Related groups. These are 468 groups for inpatient, Medicare clients. The hospital receives a set amount of money based on what group the patient is in and what illness the patient is being seen for.
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What is Evidence-based practice?
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The integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values.
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What is Managed care?
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A type of health care system that has administrative control over primary health care services for a certain population, and has pay based on capitation
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What is Medicaid?
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This is a federally funded and state ran system that helps pay medical for the poor.
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What is Medicare?
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A two part health care program for the elderly. This is a federally ran program that is for people 65 and older. Part A of the program involves protection on costs for each DRG. Part B is a voluntary medical insurance that covers physician and certain out patient procedures.
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What is Primary Care?
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Provision of integrated, accessible health care services by clinicians who are accountable for addressing a large majority of personal health care needs, developing a sustained partnership with clients, and practicing in the context of family and community.
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What is Theory Generated research?
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Is designed to discover and describe relationships without imposing preconceived notions of what the phenomenon under the study means.(eg. hypothesis)
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What is Theory-Testing research?
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Is used to determine how accurately a theory describes the nursing phenomena.
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What does Theory generating and theory testing research have in common? (3 things)
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Both are related to each other, have the overall goal of increasing knowledge in nursing, and use past experiences and current issues to study the theories and develop nursing further.
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What is Peplau’s Theory?
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Peplau thought that the collaborative nurse-client relationship creates a “maturing force”, or an interpersonal relationship that takes care of the clients needs. The nurse-client relationship begins with orientation, then to identification, explanation, and a resolution. She states “Nursing is a significant, therapeutic, interpersonal process.”
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What is Clara Barton?
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She created the American red cross.
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What is Henderson’s Theory?
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She believes the nurse is to work with their client so they can achieve independence as quickly as possible. She set up 14 basic needs that nurses are to help clients achieve.
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What is Abdellah’s Theory?
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She developed Abdellah’s 21 nursing problems. She believed that nurses had to be intelligent, competent, technically well prepared and kind to provide service. Nurse’s jobs are to provide health services to individuals, families, and society.
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What is Johnson’s Theory?
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She looked at how the patient adapts to illness and how stress can alter their ability to adapt to the illness.
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What is Rogers’ Theory?
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She believed human development was based on an energy field that has four dimensions. The four components are openness, pattern and organization, energy fields, and dimensionality. Rogers goal was to maintain and promote health, prevent illness, and care for and rehabilitate ill and disabled clients through “humanistic science of nursing”.
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What is Orem’s Theory?
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She believed that nursing emphasizes on giving clients the ability of self-care. “Nursing care becomes necessary when client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs
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What is Neuman’s Theory?
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She saw nursing as a way to assist individuals, families, and groups. The goal is to maintain the highest level of total wellness. She believed that nursing actions focus on primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of prevention.
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What is Leininger’s Theory?
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he believes the essence of nursing is care. You need to care for the patient appropriately no matter what culture your patient is affiliated with.
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What is King’s Theory?
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She has a “goal attainment theory”. She focuses on three interacting systems: social, interpersonal, and personal. King believes the nurse’s goal is to use communication to assist the client in reestablishing or maintaining a positive adaptation to the environment.
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What is Roy’s Theory?
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Her adaptation theory shows the goal of nursing is to help a person “adapt to changes in physiological needs, self-concept, role function, and interdependent relations during health and illness
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What is Watson’s Theory?
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She believes “the action of nursing is directed at understanding the interrelationship between health, illness, and human behavior. She believes nursing is used to restore health or prevent illness
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What is Benner and Wrubel’s Theory?
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They developed the Primacy of caring model. Their goal is to focus on the clients need for caring as a means of coping with stressors of illness.
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What did Dorthea Dix do?
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She organized hospitals, and supplies to troops, and appointed nurses.
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What did Mary Ball do?
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Ambulance walked through abandoned battle fields looking for wounded soldiers.
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What did Harriet Tubman do?
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Active in the underground railroad and lead 300 slaves to freedom.
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What did Mary Mahoney do?
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She was concered with cultures and race, and was the first African American nurse.
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Who is Isabelle Hampton Robb?
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She started the Nurses' associated alumnae in 1896 which became the ANA in 1911.
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What is Abdellah’s Theory?
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She developed Abdellah’s 21 nursing problems. She believed that nurses had to be intelligent, competent, technically well prepared and kind to provide service. Nurse’s jobs are to provide health services to individuals, families, and society.
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What is Johnson’s Theory?
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She looked at how the patient adapts to illness and how stress can alter their ability to adapt to the illness.
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What is Rogers’ Theory?
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She believed human development was based on an energy field that has four dimensions. The four components are openness, pattern and organization, energy fields, and dimensionality. Rogers goal was to maintain and promote health, prevent illness, and care for and rehabilitate ill and disabled clients through “humanistic science of nursing”.
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What is Orem’s Theory?
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She believed that nursing emphasizes on giving clients the ability of self-care. “Nursing care becomes necessary when client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs
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What is Neuman’s Theory?
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She saw nursing as a way to assist individuals, families, and groups. The goal is to maintain the highest level of total wellness. She believed that nursing actions focus on primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of prevention.
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What is Leininger’s Theory?
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he believes the essence of nursing is care. You need to care for the patient appropriately no matter what culture your patient is affiliated with.
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What is King’s Theory?
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She has a “goal attainment theory”. She focuses on three interacting systems: social, interpersonal, and personal. King believes the nurse’s goal is to use communication to assist the client in reestablishing or maintaining a positive adaptation to the environment.
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What is Roy’s Theory?
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Her adaptation theory shows the goal of nursing is to help a person “adapt to changes in physiological needs, self-concept, role function, and interdependent relations during health and illness
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What is Watson’s Theory?
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She believes “the action of nursing is directed at understanding the interrelationship between health, illness, and human behavior. She believes nursing is used to restore health or prevent illness
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What is Benner and Wrubel’s Theory?
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They developed the Primacy of caring model. Their goal is to focus on the clients need for caring as a means of coping with stressors of illness.
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What did Dorthea Dix do?
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She organized hospitals, and supplies to troops, and appointed nurses.
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What did Mary Ball do?
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Ambulance walked through abandoned battle fields looking for wounded soldiers.
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What did Harriet Tubman do?
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Active in the underground railroad and lead 300 slaves to freedom.
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What did Mary Mahoney do?
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She was concered with cultures and race, and was the first African American nurse.
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Who is Isabelle Hampton Robb?
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She started the Nurses' associated alumnae in 1896 which became the ANA in 1911.
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Who are Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster?
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They opened a settlement focused on health needs of the poor in NY.
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Who is Mary Nutting?
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The first nursing professor, occured in the 20th century.
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What occured in the 21st century?
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ANA established there center for Ethics and Human rights.
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What is nursing?
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Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimiZation of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations.
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What are the Nurse Practice acts? (NPA's)
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They have the responsibiliy and authority to protect the public by determining who is competent to practice nursing.
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What is common Law?
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Consists of broad, interpretive pronciples based on reason, traditional justice and common sense.
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Together, what two things define nursing practice?
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NPA's and common law.
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What two things concern National league for nursing? (NLN)
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1) concern with improvement of nurse education (ANA improve standards)
2) International Council of nursing (Promote associations and international power base). |
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The healthcare system is less ______ and more ______.
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Service and more business.
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What does PSROs stand for?
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Professional standards review regulations.
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What are the two reasons for PSROs?
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To control healthcare spending. And review clinical care provided by physicians to see if they gave the best diagnose and treatment.
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What did the prosperctive payment system (PPS) do?
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They eliminated cost based reinbursment and developed DRGs.
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What are the positive sides of Managed care? (2 things)
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Capitation payment for each client enrolled. Technology has increased.
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What are the negative elements of Managed care? (3 things)
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1)Has not reduced cost
2)Must use only primary care docs 3)Have to be refered to a specialist and then the specialist must be approved. |
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What happens with less RN's? (3 things)
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1) more medication errors
2) more client complaints 3) more pressure soar rates |
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What happens with more RN's? (2 things)
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1) shorter client stays
2) Less UTI's, pnemonia, cardiac arrest. |
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What are the 6 levels of healthcare?
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1) Preventive (education and prevention)
2) Primary (early protection and routine care) 3) Secondary (Critical care) 4) Teriary Care (Special care) 5) Restorative care: follow up care, rehab, and home care. 6) Continuing care: long term, chronic, Hospice, and personal care. |
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What are the 3 levels of prevention?
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1) Primary: Health promotion and illness prevention.
2) Secondary: occurs during a health problem who are at risk for developing complications or worsening of condition. 3) Tertiary care: occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible. |
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What is restorative care?
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Recovery from acute illness, chronic illness, or disabilities.
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What is the goal of restorative care? (3 things)
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To assist individuals in regaining maximal functional status, to enhance individual quality of life, and to promone independence and self-care.
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What are three examples of restorative care?
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home care, Rehab, and ECF (extended care facility).
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what clients use continuing care?
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With chronically ill clients and disabled or people who have a terminal disease.
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What is the definition of Critical Thinking?
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An active, organized, cognative proccess used to carefully examine one's thinking and the thinking of others.
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What is interpretation?
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Categorization and clarifying meaning. Used to clarify any data you are uncertain about.
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What is Analysis?
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Examining ideas and analyzing arguments. (do not make careless assumptions)
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What is Evaluation?
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Assessing results and assessing arguments. (Look at all situations objectively)
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What is inference?
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Examining evidence, speculating or conjecturing alternatives, and making conclutions.
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What is self-regulation?
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Self-examination and self-correction. (How can u improve)
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What is explanation?
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Starting results, justifying procedures, and presenting arguments. (state results)
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What are three aspects of critical thinking?
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1) Reflection: process of thinking back to recall purpose and meaning.
2) Requires adequate knowledge and self-evaluation. 3) Can create second guessing (this is what's bad about critical thinking). |
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How does a nurse use Reflection?
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To understand the relationship between concepts and real life. This is very individualized and allows the nurse to consider all possibilities.
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How does a nurse use language for critical thinking?
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Use to make the focus and message clear. Also used when framing your own thoughts.
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How does a nurse use intuition for critical thinking?
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Developes as clinical experience increases, and acts like a trigger for a conscious search for required data.
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How many levels of critical thinking are there? What are they?
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3 levels: Basic, Complex, and Commitment.
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A nurse uses cognitive processes to do what?
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To make judgements such as general critical thinking and special critical thinking in critical situations, and specific critical thinking in nursing.
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What does General critical thinking include?
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The scientific method, problem solving, and decision making.
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What does specific critical thinking include?
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diagnostic reasoning, reasoning, clinical inference, and clinical decision making.
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What is the scientific method?
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One formal way to approach a problem, plan a solution, test a solution, and come to a conclution. It is used to test reality and research questions.
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What is problem solving?
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Here you obtain information plus what we already know to find a solution. Effective problem soliving involves evaluating the solution over time to make sure it is effective.
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What is decision making?
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An endpoint of critical thinking that hopefully leads to a problem resolution. The nurse learns sound decisions by thoughful approach and application.
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What is diagnostic reasoning and inference?
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Process to determine client's health status after assigning meanings to the behaviors, physical signs and symptoms. A process of using the data gathered to logically explain a clinical judgement.
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What is an inference?
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Part of diagnostic reasoning that is the process of drawing conclusions from related pieces of evidence.
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What is clinical decision making?
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When you use careful reasoning for the best outcome. Nurse then selects therapies most likely to relieve each problem. Skillful decision making is critical for nurses to manage a wide variety of problems.
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What is the Nursing Process?
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Consists of 5 steps. ADPIE. Provides a systematic approach to gather data, analyze data, identify client's reponse, determine priorities, establish goals and take action.
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What are the 5 components of Critical Thinking Model?
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Knowledge based, experience, competence, attitudes, and standards.
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How many critical thinking attitudes are there, and what are some.
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11 attitudes: inquiry, confidence, independent thinking, fairness, responsibility and acountablity, risktaking, discipline, perseverance, creativity, curiosity, integrity, and humiliy.
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What are the two types of standards for critical thinking?
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Intellectual standards, and professional standards.
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What are the 3 professional standards for critical thinking?
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1) Ethical criteria for nursing judgement
2) Criteria for evaluation 3) Professional responsibility |
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What is the nursing process used for?
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It is used to identify, diagnose and treat human responses to health and illness. (ANA)
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What is assessment?
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The deliberate and systematic collection of data to determine a client's current and past health and current and functional status presently.
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What are the 2 steps of the nursing process?
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1) collect data
2) Analyze all the data |
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What is the purpose of assessment?
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To establish a database.
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What type of informaiton is gained in assessment?
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Subjective (primary-given by client, secondary- given by another source), objective
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What are Activities of daily living (ADL’s)?
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These are things people do normally in their every day life. They include eating, dressing, bathing, brushing teeth, grooming, and ambulating.
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What is Adverse reaction?
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An undesired side effect or toxicity caused by medication, diagnostic test, or therapeutic interventions.
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What is Client adherence?
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This is when the client and family invest time in carrying out the required home treatments.
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What is Implementation?
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This is a step in nursing where nurses provide the care to the patients. Nurses complete these actions to reach goals they set for each client.
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What is Indirect care?
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These are interventions that are preformed away from the client but for the client or group of clients. This includes keeping the hospitals clean to avoid infections.
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What are Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)?
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Daily living skills that are required to maintain life at home, this includes cooking, cleaning, shopping, and managing finances.
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What are Interdisciplinary care plans?
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This is a set of care plans from every unit caring for the patient.
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What is a Lifesaving measure?
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This is an action taken when someone’s physiological or psychological state is threatened.
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What is a Nursing intervention?
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This is based on clinical judgment and knowledge, and is any treatment preformed.
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What are Preventive nursing actions?
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Prevention of illness and the promotion of health to help avoid the need for acute or rehabilitative health care.
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What is Protocol?
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This is a written plan specifying the procedures to be followed during care of clients with a select clinical condition or situation.
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What is a Standing order?
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This is a preprinted document containing orders for the conduct of routine therapies, monitoring guidelines, or diagnostic procedures for specific clients with identified clinical problems.
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Collection of inaccurate, incompete, or inappropriate data may lead to What?
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incorrect identification of the clients health care.
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True or false: Nurse and client are affected by each other's behavior
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True
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What are the three phases of an interview?
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orientation- Hi...
Working- Doing the procedures Termination- Letting them know your leaving. |
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What do you do with the information you have recieved through assessment?
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Validate data, organize data, and document data.
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What is a nursing diagnosis?
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A statement that describes the pts actual or potential responses to a health problem.
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What is a medical diagnosis?
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Identification of a disease condition.
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What is NIC and NOC?
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NIC= nursing intervention
NOC= Nursing outcome. |
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What are the 5 purposes for having a nursing diagnosis?
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1) offers language to promote understanding
2) Facilitates communication and care planning 3) Distinguish nurse's role 4) Focus on the role of nursing in client care. 5) Impoves documentation (helps in any legal obligaitons) |
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What are the three types of nursing diagnosis?
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1) Actual nursing diagnosis- describes human response to health conditions or life process.
2) Risk nursing diagnosis- describes human response to health conditions that may develop in a vulnerable person, family, or community. 3) Wellness nursing diagnosis- describes human response to wellness in persons, family, or community such is poetential for... (at risk for...) |
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What are diagnostic lables?
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Descriptors to give aditional information about the nursing diagnosis.
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What are related factors?
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These are causes that have influenced actual or potential response to health problems and can be changed by nursing interventions.
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What is Etiology?
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Cause of the nursing diagnosis that must be within the domain of the nursing diagnosis and a condition that responds to nursing diagnosis.
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What are some sources of errors when making a nursing diagnosis?
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can occur during data collection, clustering, interpretation, or the statement of the diagnosis.
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What is the definition of high priorities?
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Harm to client if untreated.
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What is the definition of Intermediate priorities?
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non-life threatening needs
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What is the definition of Low priorities?
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Future well being
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What time frame should a short term goal be accomplished?
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Within a week
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What time frame should a Long term goal be accomplished?
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usually over weeks or months
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What are the three types of interventions
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Nurse initiated, physician initiated, and collaborative.
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What is kardex?
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The card filling system for hospitals care plans and medical records.
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What are the three things concept mapping allows student to do?
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1) se the connections between ideas they already have
2) Connect new ideas to knowledge that they already have 3) organize ideas in a logical but not rigid structure that allows future information or viewpoints to be included. |
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What is a direct intervention?
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Interaction with patients
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What is a indirect intervention?
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These are preformed away from the client but on the behalf of the client.
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Before begining implementation the nurse must do what 4 things?
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1) reassess the client.
2) review and revise the existing care plan in needed. 3) Organize equipment, prerosnal resources, evironmental and the client. 4) Anticipate and prevent complications. |
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What are the two components of evaluation?
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1) examination of a condition
2) a judgment as to whether a change has occured. |
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True or false: If outcomes are met then goals may or may not be met?
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False: if outcomes are met then goals are always met.
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True or false: Nurses compares behavior and responses before and after care.
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True.
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True or false: Evaluation is dynamic and changing?
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True
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What three things is the evaluation process used to do?
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1) resolve actual health problems
2) Prevent potential health problems 3) To maintain a healthy state. |
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What are the 5 elements the evaluation process includes?
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1) identify criteria and standards
2) collect data 3) interpet findings 4) document findings 5) revising plan if necesary. |
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True or false: When outcomes are achieved, the nursing diagnosis still exist.
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False: When outcomes are achieved that nursing diagnosis should no longer exist.
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What is NOC designed to do?
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Provide language for evaluation step of the nursing process. It's goals are to identify, label, classify, the client outcomes; field test the classification, and define and test measureable procedures for the outcome.
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How does the nurse interpret the outcome?
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The nurse compares the expected outcome with the actual.
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True or false: evaluation is easier with short-term client care.
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False: evaluation is easier with long-term client care.
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What is the clients 1st line of defense against further illness in a hospital?
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Nurses monitoring.
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What s quality improvement (Q.I.)?
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Degree to which health services increase desired outcomes. This imporves health care services.
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