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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kin-Country Syndrome
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When you have states from 2 different civilizations come into conflict, they are going to rally states within their civilization
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Huntington's Predicitons
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Clash of Civilizations between the U.S. representing the Western World and Islam
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Brief History of Islam
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1. Roots are Judeo-Christian
2. Began as a reform because Paganism had taken hold in the region. 3. Believe in Abraham, Moses, the Phophets, even Jesus but consider him a prophet |
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Mohammed
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Born in Mecca in 570; dictated the Quran word for word after the Angel Gabriel appeared to him; Began to preach in 613 but gained a lot of enemies so he fled to Medina;United most Arabian Tribes and began to build up an army to conquer Mecca; Formed the Ummah
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The Ummah
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Community of believers; a religious brotherhood that would replace the tribal organization
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5 Pillars of Islam
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1.Prayer: 5x a day, facing Mecca
2. Shahada: "There is no God but God and Mohammed is his Prophet 3. Alms Giving: Charity to the poor 4. Ramadan: month of fasting 5. Haj: pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their life |
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Shariah Law
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Islams relationship to the State & role of Conquest; Based on the Quran, Hadith, and Sunna
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Catholic Bible
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An edited work that was put together by the church & it is open to interpretation while its meaning and message have stayed the same
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Quran
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Written by Mohammed as the Angel Gabriel dictated the words to him, although its textual form we have today was written after his death
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Hadith
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Sayings of the prophet Mohammed
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Sunna
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Traditions based on Mohammed's life and actions
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Christianity's Relationship to the State
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Jesus wasn't political, was an opposition to the state; a lot of what happened in the was in resistance to the State; Separation of Church & State
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Islam's Relationship to the State
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Mohammad was a political & military ruler; set blueprint for how state should function; direct relationship between Church & State
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Caliphates
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Political Rulers after Mohammad's death (632); Council of elders elect the successor- his father-in-law; known as the 1st Caliph(successor)
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The 4 Bonds that Tie the Muslim Community Together
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1. Religion
2. Sharia Law 3. Language: spread of Arabic 4. Economy: Expansion of trade networks between each other |
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Legitimists (Shiites)
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Believed that the only legitimate successors were those directly descended from Mohammed; Trace their lines back to Mohammad, a lot of diversity in the group; known as the Imams
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Imam
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"Direct Descendants"; some of these lines became clergy ex. the Ayatollahs of Iraq
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Umayyads (Sunnis)
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Argue that the ruler should come from his same tribe but didn't have to be a direct descendant of Mohammad
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Umayyad Caliphate (661-750)
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Founder is Muawiyah; Leads to an expansion to N. Africa, Pakistan; Damascus, Syria- main seat of power; Ushers in Golden Age of Islam
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Islamisization & Arabization
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Spread of Islamic & Arab influence
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Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258)
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Centered in Baghdad (largest city in world at the time; commercial, political, and cultural center); other powers come into play but Caliphate still recognized as legitimate
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The Seljuks
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Turks from C. Asia; took Baghdad in 1055 but Caliphate remained; set out to unite most of the Muslim World; defeated the Byzantines, who were the last buffer between Christianity & Islam; Led to The Crusades
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The Crusades
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Called by the Pope to preserve Christianity; Goal was to push the Muslims back and conquer the Holy Land; 8-9 Crusades lasted centuries until the Christians were defeated in 1291
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The Mongols
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Pushed West and swarmed over the ME; sacked Baghdad and unseated the Caliphate; killed every1 in the city and burned it to the ground; defeated by the Manbruks which led the the formation of The Ottoman Empire
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The Ottoman Empire (1299-1923)
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Doesn't become strong until 1400s when it becomes very strong & starts to expand; became new Caliphate for Islam where it thrived & grew; major cultural developments in arts, sciences, math, etc.; key location, was located where West meets East
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Ottoman Decline
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Failed to realize that Western powers would also see major advancements in culture & technology; They viewed the West as backwards, didn't view the West as a threat until it was too late; dubbed "the sick main of Europe"
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Fall of the Ottoman Empire
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Fell after WW1; Turkey came out of that; Egypt, Sudan, Iraq, Palestine, Oman, and Yemen all became mandates of the West
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Mustafa Kemal
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1st Ruler of Turkey; called "Ataturk" (Father of the Turks); abolishes the Caliphate in 1924; Turkey isn't accepted by the West after he tried to make Turkey secular, nor are they accepted by the Muslims bc they don't abide by Islam politically (Shariah Law)
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The Formation of Israel
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Formed in 1948 through Western support; led to immediate conflict btw Israel and the Arab states; Israel prevailed thanks to Western backing; This bred resentment of the West by Arab states who aligned w/ Palestine, and made us enemies of Arabs in their minds for supporting Israel
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Internal Islamic Reform- Wahhabism (Fundamentalism)
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Focused internally as a reaction to perceived weakness and corruption; Focused on returning to the fundamentals of Islam, based on: the Quran, the like of the Prophet, traditions established in the early Umma community, like Mohammad intended
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Muhammad Ibn And al-Wahhab
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A Sunni religious reformer wanted a return to the fundamentals (internal); attempted to get rid of those things that were not part of the original teachings; had a conservative approach to conservative teachings; Challenged the existing leadership (Ottomans).. Compared to MLK jr.
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al-Wahhab's Alliance w/ Saudi Family (1745)
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al-Wahhab put his reformist movement behind the Saudi family, who in turn promised to impose his reforms everywhere they conquered; imposed these reforms thru madrases (schools); eventually leads to Jihadism branching off of Wahhabism
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Jihad
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means "struggle", though its interpreted as "holy war" incorrectly
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Sayyid Qutb (1907-66)
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Member of the Muslim Brotherhood; Started off admiring the U.S. but that changed after he went to college there; hated the culture i.e. consumerism, sexual equality, sexual freedom (sluts), & Breakdown of the Family
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Radical Fundamentalism
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Extremist approach to Wahhabism; Claimed that Arab culture (Umma) had been affected by Western Ideals; blamed the Islamic rulers and elite, notably Ataturk and the Saudis
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Notable Followers of Radical Fundamentalism (Jihadism)
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Omar Rahman- "Blind Sheik"; Responsible for the 1993 WTC bombing
Osama Bin Laden- Goal was to bring down the Saudi ruling family bc of their reliance on the U.S.; willing to use terrorism, 15 of the 19 high jackers from 9/11 were Saudi |
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Goals of the Radical Fundamentalists
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Restore the Calphate & unite the Muslim World thru it, Get rid or Western Imperialism & destroy the nation-state system (return to an empire in the ME)
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Deobandi Fundamentalism
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Formed in India in 1867 and named after the town of Deoband by religious Muslim scholars as they were trying to figure out a way to exist under British Rule; highly conservative, pushed for a return to fundamentals based on the Prophet and Quran; Focused on individual training and education; spread to Pakistan and Afghanistan; had a very strict interpretation of Sharia Law; loyalty to religion comes 1st to country and believed they had a right to wage Jihad in order to protect Islam
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Deobandi Fundamentalism v. Wahhabi Fundamentalism
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Deobandi was like Wahhabi in that it was reformist & preached going back to fundamentalism, but differed because Deobandi advocated jihadist ideals
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USSR invasion of Afghanistan
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Soviets wanted to prop up a Marxist Gov't & have a presence in the region; Afghanis flee to Pakistan, where they are given a Deobandi education that presented the Russian Imperialists in terms of Communism & Atheism; called them "godless commies"
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The Taliban
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An extremist Islamic sect that would come to rule Afghanistan;Formed out of the Soviet presence; very harsh rule & famous for their oppression of women; combination of Wahhabism & Deobandism; ultra conservative
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U.S. participation in the Rise of the Taliban
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The U.S. helped fund them bc of the Cold War/proxy war context; BIG mistake was aiding & arming them & then pulling out when we should have helped rebuild; led to further radicalization
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How widespread is Extremist Islam?
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Evidence of dissent in Muslim world, majority of Muslim pop. don't support these extremist views
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Threatened Groups by Extremists
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Much violence is threatened internally, its a very repressive system; Threaten multiple levels of society, including state Govt and ruling elite, i.e. 1981 assassination of Anwar Sadat in Egypt after he recognized Israel's statehood; some support nationalism & modernization, live in fear
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Opposition of Pan-Arab Movement
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Since not all Muslims are Arab they wouldn't all be for a Pan-Arab Empire, but instead a nationalist system where each country conserves their differences & Identity
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The Arab Spring
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Refers to the fall of Tunisia, Egypt, & Libya; other leaders won't seek election (Iraq); Syria struggles to hold on to power
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Why Target the U.S.?
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Our economic dominance of the World; Were the global hegemony; strongest power; most visible; we support Israel; and how were heavily involved in helping these new Govt's transition to Democracy
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Why Terrorism?
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They're a non-state entity & cannot attack in conventional warfare; they emphasize taking down the nation-state system, which can't be achieved through conventional warfare; Use of the power of fear.. Cant be dealt with Diplomatically
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Intentions of Terrorism
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Asymmetrical Warfare (Indirect Approach)- only way to attack us is by maximizing what little capabilities they have (i.e. airplanes on 9/11); goal is to affect our policy/change our approach in the ME
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The Demonstration Effect
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Goal is to highlight our weaknesses & send a message to ppl back home that resistance is possible and effective
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Why did Terrorism Become Transnational?
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Money (oil wealth), Transportation allowed them to move freely, Media (use of propaganda)
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9/11 Jihadist View
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They looked at it from a different perspective, Thought they would be rewarded by God in Heaven
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Terrorism
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The threatened or actual use of illegal force directed against civilian targets by non-state actors in order to attain a political/religious goal thru fear, coercion, or intimidation
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War vs. Terrorism
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War is legal, Terrorism is illegal; War is conducted through a series of rules & regulations while Terrorism defies these rules
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The Just War Tradition Doctrine
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1. War can only be declared by a legitimate Gov't
2. War must be openly and publicly declared so as to give the other side time to either remedy the problems or prepare themselves 3. War is a last resort 4. Only military targets can be intentionally attacked |
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Are Terrorists Crazy?
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Different way of rationalizing the situation, what they deem as justified we don't agree in any way; seems irrational to us; Stay away from the word "Crazy"
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Resource Curse
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Having an abundance of natural resources inhibits development in other areas
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Human Development Index (HDI)
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Takes into consideration life expectancy, % of children enrolled in schools, & quality of life; As GDP per capita goes up, so should HDI
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Jackson's view on Resource Curse
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Problem not a result of Western Imperialism, rather internal mismanagement; Political systems are responsible for corruption
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Authoritarianism
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Leadership is too powerful, control everything instead of resources owned by ppl or companies. They're stated owned and then its the job of the state to distribute that wealth
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Global Corruption
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Not just internal bc the International Community facilitates corruption by buying these goods
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"Dutch Disease"
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A direct relationship between exploitation of your natural resources & a decline in manufacturing (in the industrial sector)
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Benefits of Taxes
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provide legitimacy, help create the modern bureaucracy, helps the process of centralization & builds relationship between the ruler & the ruled, counteract corruption by holding officials accountable
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Major Countries with Nuclear Power
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U.S., U.K., France, Russia, China
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Firebombing
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pre-cursur to A-Bomb; incendiary bomd that would melt asphalt & incinerate ppl
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Tactical Nuclear Weapons (TNW)
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80% of the American public agreed with the use of highly destructive bombs post WW2
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Daisy Cutter
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When a bomb has a trigger that allows it to explode before hitting the ground, making it much more destructive
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Death toll in Hiroshima
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70 thousand initially; up to 140 thousand just a few months later; 200 thousand by 1950
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Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT) (1968)
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limiting and controlling Nuclear Weapons; Israel, India, and Pakistan didn't sign; N. Korea signed and pulled out
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1972 Biological Weapons Treaty
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Geneva Protocols ban the use of Gas in warfare
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1993 Chemical Weapons Convention
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Ban the use of biological and chemical weapons & everyone who signed were then required to dispose of those weapons
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1963 Partial Test Band Treaty
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Bans atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons (concerns of radiation) which helps limit the development of these weapons
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1968 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)
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Aimed to limit the amount of nuclear weapons that each country had (different from nuclear disarmament)
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1972 Anti-Ballsitic Missile Treaty
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makes us more vulnerable bc it limits our intercontinental BM's; Bush did away with it
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SALT 2
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Further limited the amount of weapons we can have
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1996 The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
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Ban all nuclear testing
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Meaning of Proliferation
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The spread of nuclear weapons & nuclear technology potential
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Realist View of Deterrence
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The more nuclear power is out there, the safer we are. Realists only look at preconditions as they apply to strong states alone. They assume: Stong and stable govt, advanced tech., economic power to back the state, good security, complex system of comm., & a large stockpile of Nukes
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Problems with weak States
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tend to have weaker command & control, prob lack a failsafe (easy warning system), at risk of having the nukes stolen, inadequate arsenals, limited comm. & tech., etc.
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Constructivism (Identity Perspective)
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Looks @ Rational self-interested security dilemma; can't ignore self interests but there is so much to consider pertaining to the internat'l community (ideas and beliefs) that constructing one norm for the whole world would b difficult
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