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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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UN Reports How Many Malnourished Worldwide |
1 Billion |
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How Much Of The Energy Consumed By Ruminants Is From Waste Products |
75% |
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World's Largest Exporter Of AG Products |
United States |
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NC's Biggest Business |
AG |
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AG Generates How Much Per Year/And Employs How Many in NC |
$68 Billion Per Year Employs 1 in 5 or 20% |
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NC's Top AG Commodities |
1. Broilers
2. Hogs 3. Tobacco |
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Broilers |
Meat Chickens |
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Layers |
Egg Chickens |
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The Goal of Production Medicine |
To Produce The Most Product Of The Highest Quality At The Lowest Cost |
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Cows Produce What Dairy Products |
Fluid Milk Butter Yogurt Cheese Powdered Milk |
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Goats Produce What Dairy Products |
Milk Cheese Soaps & Lotions |
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Cows Produce How Many Gallons? |
2,000 Gallons per year |
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Goats Produce How Many Gallons? |
1-2 Gallons per day |
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TMR |
Total Mix Ration |
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Free Stall Barn Benefits |
Free to Move Cleaner Environment Less Bedding Expense Ease of Parlor Use Fewer Space Requirements Fewer Teat and Udder Injury |
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Dry Lots or Pasture |
Only brought inside to milk Area that doesn't have grass More Maintenance |
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Types of Milking Parlors |
Rotary Herringbone Side Open |
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Milking Procedure |
1. Pre Wash Teats 2. Pre Dip and Allow to Dry 3. Strip Teats to Induce Oxytocin Production 4. Apply Teat Cups 5. Machine Milk 6. Post Dip 7. Sanitize Teat Cups |
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Bulk Tank |
Stainless steel tank for milking storage |
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Grade A Milk |
Certified Standards Fluid Milk Consumption Independent dairies can decide which grade of milk they would like to produce |
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Grade B Milk |
Less controlled Cheese, Butter, and Powdered Milk |
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Grade A Milk Process |
1. Tri-process separator 2. Pasteurization 3. Homogenization 4. Fortification |
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Freshening |
Coming into Milk |
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Dairy Cycle ( length) |
365-385 Days |
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Phase I of Milking Process |
First 10-12 weeks of Lactation Milk production increases rapidly Feed Intake Increases Cow Loses Weight
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Phase II of Milking Process |
Weeks 12-24 Peak Production Food Intake matches production Gains Weight |
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Phase III of Milking Process |
Weeks 24 to dry off Longest Phase Milk Production decreases |
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Phase IV of Milking Process |
Dry Period Not Milking |
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Flow of Cattle |
Seed Stock Producers Cow Calf Producers Feedlot Slaughterhouse |
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Seed Stock Producers |
Raise Replacements Purebred Breeders Influence genetic advantages |
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Replacements |
Animals used for reproduction |
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Cow Calf Producers |
Permanent herd of cows to raise calves for sale to feedlots Born in spring and fall |
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Backgrounding |
Retaining calves through the winter on high roughage diets Sold around 1 year of age yearling feeders Sold in Spring |
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Creep Feeding |
Used to feed calves high energy concentrate as they are weening Not accessible to the larger cows |
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Pasture |
Several Acres Main feed source is grass provided from the range Requires Water & Shelter |
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Types of Feedlot Producers |
1. Commercial Producers
2. Farmer Feeders
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Pen Rider |
Ride around to check health of cattle |
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Immediate Finishing |
Feeder calves immediately transitioned to a high concentrate diet with small amounts of roughage Steer calves fed 275 days Heifers fed 230 days |
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Deferred Finishing |
Lighter weight calves are purchased in the fall or fed roughage throughout the winter |
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Beef Housing |
Seed Stock: Pasture Cow and Calf: Pasture Feedlot: Dry Lot |
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Quality Grade From? |
USDA |
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Packinghouse Slaughter Grade |
Certify cattle sold on contract and report pricing Yield Grade 1( most lean) - 5(most fat) |
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Most Feedlots Found In |
Texas Kansas Nebraska Oklahoma |
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Phases of Swine Industry |
Farrowing Growing or Nursery Finishing Farrow to Finish |
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Farrowing |
Swine giving birth 3-4 lbs at birth |
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Swine Weaned at |
3-8 weeks
10-25 lb |
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Nursery |
Remain 8-10 weeks 40-60 lbs |
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Finishing |
Market Weight 220-260 lbs |
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ADG |
Average Daily Grade |
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Farrow to Finish |
All phases of production occur within same building Much harder to sanitize if there is a disease outbreak |
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Swine Housing |
99% of all swine are housed in confinement |
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Confinement Requirement |
Cement or slotted floors Well ventilated Lagoons Holding Tanks Prevent run off |
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#1 concern to swine growers |
Air Quality |
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Gases in Swine Housing |
Ammonia Hydrogen Sulfide Carbon Monoxide Methane Dust |
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Vertical Integration |
The company that producers the animal also owns the packing plant that slaughters the animal for market |
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Mutton Systems |
Fall Lambs Early Spring Lambs Late Spring Lambs Accelerated Lambing |
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Fall Lambs |
Born before Dec 25 Marketed early spring to June Specifically for meat |
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Early Spring Lambs |
Born January or February Marketed before the end of June Breeding: August 1 |
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Late Spring Lambs |
Born March, April, and May Fed Roughage Can enter feeder lamb market Lambs are often worth less |
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Accelerated Lambing |
3 lamb crops in 2 years Must breed out of season Finished in a feedlot |
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Lambs are Naturally |
Short Day Breeders |
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Lamb Housing |
Pasture Lambing Barns |
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Steps in Meat Processing |
Stunning Hoisting Sticking Dehairing Dressing Cooling Grading Aging |
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Stunning |
Rendering unconscious Captive Bolt |
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Kosher Animals |
No Stunning |
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Hoisting |
Mounting to pulley system over the kill floor |
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Sticking |
Jugular veins and carotid arteries severed Heart is still beating Good drainage important for appearance of retail cuts |
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Scalding |
Boiling of the carcass |
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Dehairing |
Removal of hair |
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Dressing |
Skinning Evisceration Halving |
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Skinning |
Hide completely removed |
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Evisceration |
Removal of Organs |
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Halving |
Tail removed, backbone split to create two halves |
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Cooling |
Pasteurization 180 degrees Fahrenheit ( Killing Organisms) Cooled at 34 degrees Fahrenheit in 24 hours |
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Aging |
Done for optimum tenderization |
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Fiber Industry Consists of |
Wool Mohair Fleece |
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Wool |
Comes from sheep Considered a by product of meat industry Production decrease since 2004 |
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Mohair |
Fiber from Angora goats Over 95% produced in Texas |
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Fleece |
Llamas and Alpacas Does not contain Lanolin Llamas have a dual fiber coat |
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Fiber Processing |
Washing- to remove grease Squeezed and dried Blended Carding Roving Spinning Quality Control Tests Dying - can be done at any stage |
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Carding |
Combing to get out the knots |
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Roving |
Taking apart into large strips |
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Spinning |
Spinning into yarn |
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Crutching |
Shearing around the udder, belly, and tail before lambing |
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Tagging |
Shearing around tail and sheath before mating |
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Facing |
Shearing wool above and below eyes Helps to prevent wool blindness |
