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30 Cards in this Set
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Colony
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: When a powerful nation formally takes over and governs an undeveloped area, that area becomes its colony. ex. Brit annexed Gibraltar, Hong Kong, France took over Indo China.
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Protectorate
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When the native ruler remains in power outwardly, but the imperialist nation actually controls affairs behind the scenes. ex France advised theBey of Tunisia and Sultan of Morocco and the Brits advised the Sheik of Kuwait. (There was something of a parallel after WW II in terms of the Soviet satellites.
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Sphere of Influence
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When a powerful nation secured exclusive economic privileges in an underdeveloped region. Usually this economic monopoly was respected by other imperialistic powers. ex. before WW I, France, Britain, Germany and Russia had divided China up into spheres of influence.
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J.A. Hobson
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(1858-1940) English writer who emphasized importance of economic factors in Imperialism: A Study which was published in 1902. Argued that the great financiers were wanting to increase wealth through overseas investment and that they were the power behind imperialist policies of European powers and were able to manipulate public opinion in favor of expansion. Claimed they used their political influence to get govts involved in overseas ventures. The criticism against Hobson's view is that motives were never purely economic. Economic factor was one of several and not necessarily the most important. In fact, there were some colonies that had virtually no economic value at all.
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IMPERIALISM: THE HIGHEST STATE OF CAPITALISM
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: (1916) Written by V.I.Lenin (1870-1924), a Russian Marxist. Wrote that capitalism must expand to survive. Once capitalist investment had saturated the domestic market, it had to go overseas. Lenin claimed that once capitalism could expand no further, it would collapse because it was full of internal contradictions (i.e. with all surplus value going to the capitalist and all markets exploited, sooner or later the cycles of depressions would become so severe that the socialist revolution would occur - no more safety/investment valves for capitalist.)
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White Man's Burden
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Phrase coined by Rudyard Kipling, English author/poet who spent much time in India. Essentially, he meant that it was the white race's obligation to civilize the less developed people's of the world. Social Darwinists of the day used this phrase to further support their claim that the white man (European) was a superior race.
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Livingston
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: Scottish protestant missionary and physician who explored parts of central Africa between 1840 and 1873.
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Stanley
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American newspaper journalist and explorer. Undertook expedition in 1871 to find Dr. Livingston who had not been seen or heard from in some time. Later on the undertook explorations for King Leopold of Belgium in the Congo region of Central Africa. In well publicized reports, Livingston and Stanley described the geography, resources and peoples of Africa. Thus Europeans and Americans learning more about "The Dark Continent."
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Leopold II
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1870'S - King of Belgium. Began imperial domain in Africa. He privately hired Stanley to represent him in signing treaties with local rulers. At the Berlin Conference of 1885, the Congo Free State was authorized under Leopold's private rule. Became notorious for exploitation of rubber, ivory and minerals and peoples. Belgian government took over from Leopold the year before his death in 1908.
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Berlin Conference
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1885. Was convened because of heightened tensions between powers over Africa. The conclusions reached were:
- Congo would be under Belgian rule through an international association -there would be more liberal use of the Niger and Congo Rivers -European powers could acquire territory through occupation of territory and posting of notice. |
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Suez Canal
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Built by the French & finished in 1869. In 1875 Disraeli bought 44% of it from Egypt's ruler, the Khedive. This pleased British imperialists as it was seen as an important life-line to India. (Egypt was technically part of the Ottoman Empire but functioned independently. Sold canal because short of money.) Did, however, increase resentment of British and French imperialism and also some tensions between British & French in that part of N. Africa. Egypt became a British protectorate in 1882
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Mahdi of The Sudan
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: In 1884, the Mahdi was a religious leader. Beseiged the British and Egyptian forces under Gordon at Khartoum. Seige lasted for 10 months and ended in a massacre of Gordon's forces. Mahdi continued to lead the native insurrection in the Sudan until arrival of Kitchener...
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KITCHENER AT OMDURMAN
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: English Lord Kitchener arrived in Sudan in 1896 and led Anglo-Egyptian force up the River Nile. Defeated Mahdi's followers at battle of Omdurman in Sept. 1898 and then, 10 days later...
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Fashoda
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Kitchener's forces met French forces under MARCHAND at Fashoda on the R. Nile. Marchand's men had moved in from French Equatorial Africa. There was a sort of standoff between the two forces. Messages flew back and forth from Fashoda to Paris and London. Tensions rose and, for a while, war threatened. French finally backed down. This was an important step towards improvement of Anglo-French relations. Soon after, France agreed that Egypt was in Britain's sphere of influence and Britain agreed to support France's claim in NW Africa.
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Great Trek (Orange Free State & Transvaal)
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): In 1815 Holland had ceded Cape Colony to Britain(in compensation, Holland got Belgium). Dutch settlers resented Brits. Brits abolished negro slavery and brought in Brit immigrants. In 1830s Boers (Dutch farmers) left on GREAT TREK and moved from coastal territory where Brits now establishing themselves to territory further inland - a Northward migration. They founded two republics - the Orange Free State and Transvaal. Boers built railroad through Mozambique in order to avoid contact with Brit Cape Colony. BUT, the discovery of gold in 1880s attracted Brit fortune seekers.
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Kruger (Boer leader)
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When the Jameson Raid occured in 1895, Kruger -the Pres of Transvaal was convinced that the Brits wereplotting to take over the Transvaal and OFS. So led valiant resistance of the Jamesson Raid.
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Cecil Rhodes
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1890s - British. Owned the Kimberly Diamond Mines in Cape Colony. Was millionaire who became head of Brit's Cape Colony. Wanted Brit to have an African empire - from Cape Town to Cairo(S. Af to Egypt). Wanted to start growth with the Boer Republics. Did head north to Bechuanaland, formed S. and N. Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
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Jameson Raid, 1895
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Dr. Leander S. Jameson. Led unsuccessful and unauthorised raid into the Transvaalto restore status of Brit citizens living there. Fueled fears that Kruger and other Boers already had about Brit intentions.
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Kruger Telegram
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: William II of Germany sent telegram to President Kruger of the Transvaal congratulating him on his success in resisting Jameson Raid. The Brits greatly resented this. Shows heightened tensions brought about during this period of rapid imperialism - carving up of or scramble for Africa.
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Boer War, 1899-1902
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Transvaal and OFS put up fierce resistance but ended in Brit victory. In world community, many saw Boers as victims. (Winston Churchill fought in this war)
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Union of South Africa
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: In 1910, the Brits united Cape Colony, Natal, the Transvaal and the OFS to form the Union of South Africa, a self-governing dominion. (At same time in West Africa, Brit was expanding trading stations into full scale colonies).
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Great Indian/Mutiny(Sepoy Rebellion)
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After the Seven Years' War (1763), Brits steadily increasing control of India and administration was largely by the British East India Co. In 1857 there occured the Sepoy Rebellion in which Indian troops carried out a dramatic uprising against the British. In 1858, the Brits asserted DIRECT control over India.
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Opium Wars
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: Chinese Govt wanted to prevent British imports of opium from India. Brit went to war vs. China in 1841-2. Brit won and annexed Hong Kong and compelled China to open FIVE ports to foreign trade. ELEVEN more forced open in 1858. (TREATY OF NANKING)
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Boxer Rebellion, 1900
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Uprising in Peking. 200 + foreigners & missionaries killed. Foreign legations under siege. International expeditionary force sent in to break up seige and relieve legations. Restored order.
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Open Door Policy
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: U.S. been interested in China for trade but spheres of influence made matters complicated. John Hay, U.S. Secretary of State suggested in 1899 that there should be an "open door policy" regarding China. Thought there should be equal rights in China for all nations. Later this came to mean preservation of China's territory and independence. His suggestion earned America good will in China. But Europeans did not observe the policy well.
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Russo Japanese War
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: Note - Japan had been opened up to outside influence in 1854 by visit of Commodore Perry (U.S.) who exposed it to commercial activity. It then began process of modernization under new dynasty (Meiji) and was the first Asian society to industrialize. Since imperialism gained impetus from industrialization, Japan soon took interest in Taiwan, China and Korea. Russia too had been developing interests in Manchuria and Korea and thus conflict developing between Russia and Japan. In February 1904 the Japanese attacked Port Arthur and destroyed the Russian Far Eastern Fleet. Japanese also won Battle of Mukden in Feb of 1905 and then defeated the Russian Baltic Fleet which had been sent all the way around the world to salvage the situation for Russia. Defeated in battle of Tsushima Straits.
Showed increasing Japanese power and the weakness of Russian Tsarist regime. |
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Treaty of Portsmouth
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: Teddy Roosevelt, U.S. president, offered to mediate this conflict. In Sept of 1905, Japanese got lease to Liaotung Penninsular. Northern Manchuria stayed Russian Sphere of Influence. Japanese established dominance in Southern Manchuria. Russia ceded to Japan the southern half of Sakhalin Island. Korea was now open to Japanese penetration. Japan annexed Korea in 1910 and kept it until end of WW II.
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ALFRED MAHAN, THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER UPON HISTORY:
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Mahan was an American naval captain who wrote this book in the 1890s. In it he argued that those nations which controlled the seas prevailed. 1880s and 90s - coaling stations became very important for the steamship era. Pacific Islands were very important for this purpose. Brit, Netherlands and French had interest in this but in late 19th century Germany and the US became very active. Brit interested in maintaining its access to Australia; France to Tahiti; Samoa was split betw. France, Germany and US interests; after 1898 the US was in the Philippines; Germany had stations in New Guinea, Marshall, Caroline and Mariana Islands.
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Congress of Berlin
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: Settled dispute which had culminated in Russo-Turkish War of 1877 over THE EASTERN QUESTION. The Eastern Question involved what to do in the Balkans as the Ottoman Empire(sick man of Europe) continued to decay. Russia had declared war on Turkey and invaded area of Rumania. Russian troops had crossed the Danube and stormed Kars. Took Plevna in Bulgaria. Serbs in Balkans had declared war on Turkey
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Treaty of San Stephano
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, if allowed to stand, would have given Russia virtual hegemony/control in Balkans. British were very much concerned by Russian advances - upset to Balance of Power. Germany, under Bismarck, decided to intervene and suggested this Congress (per old Concert of Europe arrangement) in which Bismarck intended to be the "honest broker" to avoid major upset/conflict.
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