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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the general schematic of ADCC?
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Antibody bridges NK cell and target cell
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secretory IgA: monomer or dimer? how is it connected?
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dimer; J chain
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does secretory IgA fix complement?
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no
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what is the most potent macrophage activator?
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Interferon-gamma
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what produces interferon-gamma?
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activated t-cells and NK cells
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what are 3 ways to activate macrophages?
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interferon-gamma
tnf-alpha bacterial lps |
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what cell types are the killer cells in adcc?
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macrophages and NK cells
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killer cells have receptors to which part of the antibody in adcc?
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fc portion
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th1 deficiency leads to what kind of infection? th2?
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viral; bacterial
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what is the function of a lysozyme?
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digests bacterial cell walls by cleaving peptidoglycan
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what do defensins do?
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form channels in bacterial cell membranes
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what are the intracellular killing mechanisms present in an activated macrophage?
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phagocytosis, respiratory burst, proteolytic enzymes, inflammatory signaling, and acute phase response,
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IL-1, IL-6, and tnf-alpha all have what effect?
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pyrogens
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IL-1 has what effect?
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stimulates IL-2 recepter emergence in t cells, enhances b-cell activation, induces IL-6, induces fever and acute phase reactants
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IL-6 has what effect?
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induces fever and acute phase reactants
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tnf-alpha has what effect?
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metabolism effect, breaks down fat, cytotoxic for tumors
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IL-8 has what effect?
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chemoattractant for neutrophils and t cells
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IL-10 has what effect?
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inhibits th1 cytokines IL-2 and IFN-gamma
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IL-12 has what effect?
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promotes th1 differentiation, enhances th1 by increasing IFN-gamma and IL-2 production
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is cd8 t cell mhc class I or II?
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class I
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what antigenic peptide does cytotoxic t cell see in viral infection?
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fas
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fas is also called what?
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cd95
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what 3 ways can cytotoxic t cell kill virus?
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1. fas ligand binds to fas on target cell, releases caspase enzymes, lead to apoptosis
2. release of perforin granules 3. release of proteolytic enzymes, tnf-a, and tnf-b which destroy cell |
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th1 releases what?
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IL-2 and IFN-gamma
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what does il-2 do?
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t cell growth factor, t and b cell proliferation
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what does ifn-g do?
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macrophage activator, activates pmn and nk, activates th2
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th2 releases what? what is the overall effect?
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1.releases il-4, il5, il-6, il-10, and il-13
2. enhances humoral response |
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what does il-4 do?
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b cell proliferation, isotype switching to IgE, eosinophil and mast cell proliferation
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what does il-5 do?
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stimulates eosinophil growth and differentiation, b cell growth factor, enhances igA synthesis
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what does il-6 do?
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acute phase reactant; fever
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what does il-10 do?
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1. inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines: il-2, il-3, tnf-alpha, and ifn-gamma
2. suppress antigen presentation capacity of apc |
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what does il-13 do?
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inhibits inflammatory cytokines (il-1, il-6, il-8, and il-10), b cell, eosinophil, and mast cell proliferation
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t cells that express what factors are t-regs?
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cd4 and cd25
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in addition to closing immune responses, what else do tregs do?
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keep autoimmune response in check
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what cytokines do tregs express?
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il-10 and tgf-beta
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what does tgf-beta do?
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1. blocks activation of lymph and mono phagocytes
2. suppress cytokines and mhc-II expression 3. igA isotype switching |
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granulomas seen in which live intracellular parasites?
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m. tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, cgd, schistosomiasis, and sarcoidosis
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granulomas in the cns seen in what patients?
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leprosy
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basic difference in th1 and th2 type t cells?
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th1 is cell-mediated, th2 is humoral
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what does an nk cell do?
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destroy virus infected cell
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what does an nkt cell do?
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recognize lipid antigens and lyse tumor cells
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what turns off nk cell?
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mhc-I target cells
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how do NK cells destroy other cells?
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induce apoptosis
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what cells release perforin?
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cytotoxic t cells, nk cells, and nkt cells
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nitric oxide has what effects on immune defenses?
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1. toxic to pathogens
2. phagocytes produce it a lot, which can cause low bp 3. can promote t cell effects, leading to more inflammation |
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why is oral/nasal flu vaccine better?
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igA and igG induced; igA does not induce complement, which means less unwanted inflammation
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what is function of MIS?
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allows migration of activated cells to other cites
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which has broader specificity, igA or igG?
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igA
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what tissues are MIS?
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peyer's patches, tonsils, folicles, mucosal lp
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what are m cells?
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gatekeeper cells on top of follicles in gi/resp tract
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why are m cells important
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keep body from reacting to every single thing
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importance of mis in polio vaccine?
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t cells can move in and out; vaccine likes to stay in resp/gi tracts
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intracellular pathogens best handled how?
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cell-mediated responses
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what are some cell-mediated responses?
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1. phagocytosis (w/o t-cells)
2. adcc via killer cells 3. t cell mediated lysis of virus infected cells 4. nk cells can kill tumors |
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nk cells can spontaneously kill what?
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tumor cells
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which defenses are best against extracellular pathogens?
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antibodies
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what are host defenses against bacteria? fungi? parasites, viruses?
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1. antibodies coat surface of bacteria
2. neutrophils phagocytize fungi 3. igE and eosinophils 4. type I inf, cytotoxic t-cells, nk cells, adcc, antibodies |
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what are early anti-viral responses? later?
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1. nk cells, inf alpha and beta
2. antibodies, cytotoxic t cells |
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what happens to parasite in igE response?
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ab binds to parasite; neut/macro/eo binds to fc region of ab; cells release toxins
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how do mast cells help in igE response?
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mast cells like igE a lot; fab region binds to parasite/ag to release toxins and attract eos
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what infection is common in phagocytic defect? t cell defect?
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fungal; viral
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