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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Recognition
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Via AG receptors in cell membrane
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Activation
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Via costimulatory signals received from another cell
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First signal
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Recognition
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Second signal
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Activation
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Where are immune responses initiated?
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Secondary lymphoid tissues
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What are immune responses initiated by?
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Dendritic cells presenting AGs to and activating CD4 helper T-lymphocytes
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How do AGs arrive at lymph nodes (2)?
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Afferent lymphatic vessels
Carried by dendritic cells |
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Three ways dendritic cells are activated
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- PAMPs
- DAMPs - Inflammatory cytokines |
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What is MHC II recognized by?
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CD4 T cells
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What is MHC I recognized by?
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CD8 T cells
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Recognition (Signal 1) factor for B cells
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AG
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Recognition (Signal 1) factor for CD4 T-cells
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AG + MHC Class II
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Recognition (Signal 1) factor for CD8 T-cells
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AG + MHC Class I
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Activation (Signal 2) factor for B cells
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Tfh cells
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Activation (Signal 2) factor for CD4 T-cells
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Dendritic cells
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Activation (Signal 2) factor for CD8 T-cells
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Dendritic cells
CD4 T-cells (Th1) |
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What does a B cell do with an AG?
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Binds --> internalizes --> processes --> presents to CD4 Tfh cell
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What state does a cell enter into if the second signal is not received?
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Anergy
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What do B cells proliferate in response to? (2)
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Tfh Cytokines
IL - 4 |
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What do CD4 T cells proliferate in response to?
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IL-2
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What do CD8 T cells proliferate in response to?
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IL-2
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What can B cells differentiate into?
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Plasma cells
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What can CD4 T-cells differentiate into?
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Th1
Th2 Th17 Tfh Treg |
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What can CD8 T-cells differentiate into?
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Killer cells
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5 cell types CD4 T-lymphocytes can differentiate into
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Th1
Th2 Th17 Tfh Treg |
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What activates B-cells?
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Tfh lymphocytes
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What do Th1 cells secrete?
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IL-2
IFN-γ |
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What do Th2 cells secrete?
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IL - 4
IL - 5 |
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What do Th17 cells secrete?
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IL-17
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What do Tfh cells secrete?
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IL - 4
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What do Treg cells secrete?
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IL - 10
TGF-β |
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Where do Treg cells originate? (2)
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- Thymus (nTreg)
- Normal immune responses (iTreg) |
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Two things that can happen in proliferation of B lymphocytes
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- Class switch
- Somatic hypermutation |
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Activation process of B-lymphocytes (5 steps)
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AG binds to mIg --> Internalized by B-cell --> AG fragmented --> binds to MHC Class II --> presented to Tfh
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Two ways B-cells can receive activation signals from Tfh
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Cell to cell contact
Cytokines |
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What is the first mIg associated with B-cells?
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IgM
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What other classes can B-cells switch to after first encounter with AG?
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IgG (system LNs, spleen)
IgA, IgE (MALT) |
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During hypermutation, where do the point mutations accumulate?
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Variable region genes
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Four phases of AB response
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- Lag
- Logarithmic - Plateau - Decline |
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Three ways to end an immune response
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AG clearance
Feedback inhibition of IgG on B-cells Treg cells |
