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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the various mechanisms by which epithelia constitute barriers to infection:
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-Tight Junctions
-"Cleansing" Mechanisms -Antimicrobial Substances -Phagocytes -Normal Bacterial Flora |
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Name the "Cleansing" Mechanisms that act as Mechanical Epithelial Barriers:
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-Desquamation
-Mucus -Peristalsis -Tears -Eyelashes -Ciliated Epithelium -Mucociliary Transport |
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Name the 3 Categories of Antimicrobial Substances that act as Mechanical Epithelial Barriers:
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-That are Destructive to Classes of Bacteria & Fungi
-That Limit the Availability of Essential Nutrients -Antibodies |
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Name the specific Antimicrobial Substances that are destructive to classes of Bacteria & Fungi:
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-Defensins
-Lysozyme -Complement -Fatty Acids in the Skin -Acidic pH in monogastric stomach |
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Name the specific Antimicrobial Substances that Limit the Availability of Essential Nutrients:
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-Transferrin
-Lactoferrin |
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The uptake of extracellular substances by cells?
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Endocytosis
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The Shedding of the outer layers of the skin, a mechanical epithelial barrier?
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Desquamation
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A distinctive pattern of wave-like smooth muscle contractions that propels foodstuffs distally through the GI tract, a mechanical epithelial barrier?
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Peristalsis
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The movement and entrapment of large particles in the respiratory tract by mucous and ciliated epithelium before the particles can reach the lungs, a mechanical epithelial barrier?
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Mucociliary Transport
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The ability of some cells to ingest foreign particles?
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Phagocytosis
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The uptake of extracellular molecules by cells via a Surface Receptor on the cell which triggers Internalization?
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Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
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The uptake of fluids or small molecules that don't bind to receptors?
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Pinocytosis
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Professional Phagocytes:
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-Neutrophils
-Macrophages |
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NEUTROPHILS
-Normal Location? -Recruitment? -Lifespan? -Functions? |
-Blood
-Recruited into tissues early -Short FXNS: -PAMP/DAMP Recognition -Pathogen Destruction -Some Signaling |
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MACROPHAGES
-Location? -Recruitment? -Lifespan? -Functions? |
-All body tissues (Monocytes within Blood)
-Recruited into tissues Late -Long FXNS: -Sentinel Cells -PAMP/DAMP Recognition -Signaling Molecules -Cell-to-Cell Communication -Pathogen Destruction |
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A molecule that facilitates Phagocytosis by coating foreign particles?
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Opsonin
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What are the significant Opsonins?
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-C3b (Complement Activation) Antibodies
-IgG (and somewhat IgM&IgA) Antibodies -Lectin |
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The process of molecules (antibodies) binding to a pathogen and making it more easily Phagocytized?
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Opsonization
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In Opsonization, how do Antibodies binding to a pathogen make it more easily Phagocytized?
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The Antibodies Neutralize the Negative Charge on the Foreign Body so that the Phagocyte and the Foreign Body dont Repel eachother
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The cytoplasmic vesicle that encloses an ingested organism?
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Phagosome
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Cytoplasmic Organelles found within Phagocytic cells that contain a complex mixture of potent proteases:
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Lysosomes
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3 Organells involved with Oxygen-Independent Destruction?
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-Lysosomes
-Defensins -Proteases |
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A rapid increase in metabolic activity that occurs in Phagocytic cells when particles are ingested?
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Respiratory Burst
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What are the components of a Respiratory Burst within Phagocytic Cells?
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-Rapid increase in metabolic activity
-Generates potent Oxidants that can kill invading organisms -End Point of Oxygen-Dependent Destruction |
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Name the Reactive Oxygen Species and their importance:
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-Hypochlorite (HOCl)
-Hydroxyl Radical OH -Key elements in Oxygen-Dependent Destruction |
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Importance of Nitric Oxide?
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In Radical Form it plays a key role in Nitric Oxide-Dependent Destruction by Macrophages that have been activated by Interferon-y
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Which Cytokin interferes with Viral Replication and activates NO-Dependent Destruction?
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Interferon-y (INF-y)
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Natural Killer (NK) Cells:
-aka? -Location? -Recruitment? -Functions? |
-Large Granular Lymphocyte (LGL)
-In Tissues -Recruited to Inflammed tissues from the Blood FXNS: -Kill Cells -Secrete Interferon-y |
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Set of normally inactive proteins that participate in an activation cascade?
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Complement
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What are the end products of Complement Activation Cascade?
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-Activated Enzymes or
-Terminal Complement Proteins that form into the Molecular Attack Complex |
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Name 2 main complement proteins and the smaller protein fragments that they are spilt into:
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-C3
C3a C3b -C5 C5a |
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Function of C3a?
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Mast Cell Activation that initiates Inflammation
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Function of C3b?
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Opsonization that Facilitates Phagocytosis
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Function of C5a?
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Chemotaxis that recruits Neutrophils
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The complement protein structure that is embedded in targec cell membranes, resulting in their Lysis?
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Membrane Attack Complex
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What does that Membrane Attack Complex Consist of & what is its function?
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-C5b678(9)n
-Microbial Killing (Pore Formation) |
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A protein that can bind specifically to a carbohydrate and some can also induce Lymphocytes to divide?
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Lectin
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Proteins that mediate cellular interactions and regulate cell growth & secretion?
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Cytokines
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A family of Proinflammatory and Chemotactic cytokines?
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Chemokines
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What is characteristic of Chemokines?
What is their function? |
-Sequence of 4 Cysteine residues
-Regulate the emigration of Leukocytes from Blood into Tissues |
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The directed movement of cells under the influence of a chemical concentration gradient?
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Chemotaxis
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Cytokine proteins that act as growth and differentiation factors for the cells of the Immune System?
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Interleukin (IL)
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An Antiviral Cytokine?
What is its function? |
-Interferon
-Promote Adaptive Immunity |
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A protective response intended to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury as well as the dead cells and tissues resulting from the original insult?
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Inflammation
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Additional functions of Inflammation?
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-Enhances tissue defenses
-Initiates Repair |
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Side-Effects of Inflammation?
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-Fever
-Lethargy -Loss of appetite -Synthesis of acute phase proteins |
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Inflammation of prolonged duration (weeks to years)?
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Chronic
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Inflammation associated with immediate and early response to cell injury?
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Acute
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Functions of Acute Inflammation?
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-To dilute &/or remove injurious agent and any tissue debris from injury site
-To prepare the tissue for repair & healing |
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A result of inflammation where small blood vessels dilate, which increases blood flow to the site of infection?
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Vasodilation
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The movement of white blood cells from small blood vessels into the interstitium during an Inflammatory response?
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Emigration
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What is the order in which specific Blood Leukocytes arrive at damaged tissue via emigration?
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-Neutrophils
-Monocytes (Macrophages) -Lymphocytes |
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The Emigration of cells from Intact blood vessels during Inflammation?
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Diapedesis
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Recent, Rapidly developing Inflammation with Tissue infiltration by Neutrophils?
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Acute-Phase Response
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Plasma Proteins whose Serum levels rise rapidly in response to Acute Inflammation & Tissue Damage?
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Acute-Phase Proteins
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Proteins that differ from those encoded in an organism's own Genome, or Polysaccharides that are NOT synthesized by an Organism's Own cells?
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Foreign Antigens
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Antigens encoded in the animal's Genome or Synthesized by Host Cells?
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Self Antigen (Autoantigen)
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The term given to the portion of an Antigen that is "Recognized" by (makes contact with) an Antigen Receptor?
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Epitope
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The "Goodness of Fit" between an Antigen and an Antibody?
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Affinity
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Antigen Receptors that recognize more than One Antigen, due to the presence of very similar Epitopes on Different Antigens?
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Cross-Reaction (Cross-Reactivity)
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Responsible for Communication, Regulation of Adaptive Immune Responses, & Express CD4 (Receptor for HIV in People)?
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Helper T (Th) Lymphocytes
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Functions of Th1:
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-Activate Macrophages
-Influence Antibodies made by B Lymphocytes |
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Functions of Th2:
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-Recruit & Activate Eosinophils
-Influence Antibodies made by B Lymphocytes -Helpful in infections by: Helminthes Protozoa Arthropods |
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Functions of Tfh:
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-Provide Direct Activation signal to B Cells
-Antibody Secretion -NOT PART OF CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY! |
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Functions of Th17:
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-Defense against Extracellular Pathogens
-Activate Neutrophils -Secrete IL-17 -Partially responsible for some Autoimmune Diseases |
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These Kill cells infected by Intracellular Pathogens; ("Sociopaths")
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Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
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4 Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes:
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-CD3
-CD4 -CD79 -CD8 |
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Lymphocytes formed as a result of exposure to an Antigen & have the ability to mount an Enhanced response to Antigen as compared with Lymphocytes that have NOT previously encountered the Antigen?
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Memory Cells
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A fully differentiated B Cell capable of Synthesizing and Secreting Large amounts of Antibody?
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Plasma Cells
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Sites where Lymphocytes develop from Immature Precursor cells to fully mature & functional cells?
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-Primary/Central Lymphoid Tissue
Thymus Cloacal Bursa Bone Marrow Small Intestine |
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Site where all Blood Cell formation starts?
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Bone Marrow
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Sites where Mature Lymphocytes respond to Antigen?
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Secondary/Peripheral Lymphoid Tissue
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Other functions of Secondary/Peripheral Lymphoid Tissue:
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Where
Antigens Antigen-Presenting Cells Lymphocytes meet to generate Adaptive Immune Responses -Serve as filters of Foreign Antigens |
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3 specific Secondary Lymphoid Tissues and the specific Foreign Antigens they Filter:
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-Spleen: Blood-Borne Antigens
-Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT): Antigens Entering at Mucosal Surfaces -Lymph Nodes: Antigens in ANY Tissues |
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Components of MALT & their function:
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-Organized Aggregates of:
Lymphocytes Dendritic Cells Macrophages and Others -First line of Filters against Antigens that enter through Mucosal Surfaces |
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Secreted form of Immunoglobulin?
-Location? -Secreted By? |
-Antibody (Proteins)
-Plasma -B Lymphocytes |
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6 Antibody Functions:
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1) Receptors for B Cells
2) Neutralization 3) Complement Activation 4) Opsonization 5) Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity 6) Mast Cell Activation |
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Antibodies binding to a Pathogen or to a Toxin to prevent them from Binding to cells and causing Infection?
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Neutralization
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Antibodies binding to a Pathogen, making it more easily Phagocytosed; German for "To Prepare For Eating" also "To Decorate"?
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Opsonization
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Antibodies binding to a very Large Pathogen so that it may be recognized by Leukocytes?
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Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC)
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4 Leukocytes that recognize antibodies in ADCC and their Function?
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-Neutrophils
-Macrophages -NK -Eosinophils -They kill the pathogen since it is too large for Phagocytosis (Spitting) |
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What happens during Mast Cell Activation?
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IgE binds to Mast Cell Receptors
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A glycoprotein with Antibody activity; Y-shaped molecule whose Base determines it's class & function?
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Immunoglobulin
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Functions of IgG:
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-Mostly used for Opsonization (75% of all Antibodies)
-Complement Action -Some Neutralization -ADCC of Neutrophils Macrophages NK Eosinophils |
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Functions of IgM:
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-Initial Antibody used by B Cell Antigen Receptors
-Mostly Complement Activation -Some Neutralization -Possible Opsonization |
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Functions of IgA:
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-Some Neutralization
-Possibly Opsonization |
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Functions of IgE:
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-Some ADCC (Eosinophils)
-Mast Cell Activation |
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Closely related Proteins that raise as a result of Gene Duplication?
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Isotypes
(Classes & Subclasses of Immunoglobulins are actually Isotypes) |
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Molecules that function by Transporting INTRACELLULAR Antigens to the surface of a cell where the TCR can "see" it?
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Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
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Functions of Myeloid Dendritic cells:
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-Capture&Process Antigens
-Present Antigens with MHC to T Cells |
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The first time the Immune System responds to an Antigen?
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Primary Immune Response
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Order of Immunoglobulins responding during Primary Immune Response?
Speed/Duration? |
-Mostly IgM early
Later on: -IgG -IgA -IgE -SLOWER & SHORTER than Secondary Immune Response |
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Secondary Immune Response:
-Aka? -Initial Characteristics? -Immunoglobulin Response? -Speed/Duration? |
-Anamnestic Immune Resp.
-Many Memory Cells & Specific Antibodies already present -More Effector T Cells -IgM, IgG, IgA, & IgE EARLY -FASTER&LONGER Lasting than Primary Immune Resp. -Immunologic Memory |
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The change in an Immunoglobulin class that occurs during the course of an Immune Response?
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Class Switch
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A Class Switch occurs as a result of what?
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Heavy Chain Gene Rearrangement
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Mutations that occur in SOMATIC rather than Germ Line Cells?
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Somatic Hypermutation
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More specificially, When, Where, and to what Extent do Somatic Hypermutations occur?
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-During the course of an Immune Response
-In the V Genes of B Cells -Extensive |
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The progressive Increase in Antibody Affinity for Antigen?
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Affinity Maturation
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When and Why does Affinity Maturation occur?
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-During the course of an Immune Response
-As a result of Somatic Hypermutation in V Genes of B Cells |
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Type of Immunity Mediated by Antibodies?
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Humoral Immunity
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In Humoral Immunity, Where are Antibodies Present and what is special about it?
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-In Plasma
-Can be Transferred from one animal to another to provide a degree of Immunity |
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Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI):
-Mediated by? -Can it be Transferred? Why/Why not? |
-T Cells
-Can NOT be Transferred b/c MHC turns down Foreign Materials (aka Immunized Cells) |
