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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Steps of infection cycle
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- Entry
- Replication - Spread - Evasion of host defenses - Damage to cells, tissues, organs - Exit |
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Infectious disease
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Clinical state in which infection results in detectable physiologic abnormalities
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Saprophyte
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Organisms that usually inhabit the inanimate environment
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Attenuated
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Reduced in virulence
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PAMPs
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Pathogen associated molecular patterns
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DAMPs
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Damage associated molecular patterns
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What is a PAMP?
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Molecular structures unique to infectious agents and unlike any molecule found in vertebrate organisms
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Examples of PAMPs
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Lipopolysaccharide
Peptidoglycan Chitin |
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Generic term for host molecules that reocgnize PAMPs
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PRR
Pattern Recognition Receptors |
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What are DAMPs?
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Host molecules that are released when cells or tissues are damaged
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What's the generic term for cells that recognize PRRs?
Examples. |
Sentinel cells
- Macrophages - Dendritic cells - Mast cells - Epithelial cells |
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5 Examples of chemical mediators in innate immunity
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- Cytokines
- Chemokines - Histamine - Prostaglandins - Leukotrienes |
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What is the most prominent innate immune response?
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Inflammation
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Definition of complement
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Collection of proteins in plasma and tissue fluids
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What 3 general things do complements do when activated?
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Work in a series to:
Initiate inflammation Recruit (chemotaxis) and activate (opsonization) phagocytes Form pores in microbial membranes |
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Three steps of immune response
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- Recognition
- Communication/coordination - Effector mechanisms (disposal/removal/sequestration) |
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2 methods of communication
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Indirect: mediators
Direct: cell-to-cell contact |
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3 steps of inflammation
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1) Increased blood flow
2) Blood borne chemicals 3) Recruitment of phagocytes |
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What site of replication do viruses have?
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Obligate IC
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What site of replication do bacteria have?
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- EC
- Facultative IC - Obligate IC |
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What site of replication do fungi have?
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- EC
- Facultative IC |
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What site of replication do protozoa have?
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- EC
- Facultative IC - Obligate IC |
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What is humeral immunity mediated by?
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ABs
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What is cell-mediate immunity mediated by?
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T-lymphocytes
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What cell produces antibodies?
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B-lymphocytes
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3 major classes of lymphocytes
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- NK cells
- B - T |
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3 Subclasses of T lymphocytes
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- Helper
- Cytotoxic - Regulatory (Treg) |
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What do Helper T lymphs do?
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Activate other cells of the immune system
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What do cytotoxic lymphs do?
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Kill cells infected with IC pathogens
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What do regulatory lymphs do?
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Inhibit immune responses to AGs of the animal itself
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How do cells of the innate immune system recognize cells?
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PRRs
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How do lymphocytes recognize cells?
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AG receptors
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What do B lymphocytes use as their AG receptor?
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Immunoglobulin
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What do T lymphocytes use as their AG receptor?
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T-Cell Receptors (TCR)
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What is the secreted form of immunoglobulin called?
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Antibody
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What microbial structures does the Innate Immunity system recognize?
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PAMPs
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What microbial structures does the Adaptive immunity recognize?
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AGs
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What recognition receptors are in the Innate system?
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PRRs
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What recognition receptors are in the Adaptive system?
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ABs
T-Cell Receptors |
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Which cells have foreign body receptors in the innate immune system?
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Sentinel cells
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What is the cellular distribution of receptors in the adaptive system?
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Unique to each individual lymphocyte and its daughter cells
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What is the specificity of the Innate system?
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Low
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What is the specificity of the Adaptive system?
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High
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Cell-to-cell communication is extensive in which immune system?
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Adaptive
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What are cytokines important to the function of?
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T-lymphocytes
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General paradigm of lymphocyte responses
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- AG recognition
- Lymphocyte activation - Lymphocyte proliferation - Lymphocyte differentiation |
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How do B lymphocytes recognize AGs?
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Binding to IG receptors
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How do T lymphocytes recognize AGs?
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Recognize AGs in cells that have been transported to the surface of the cell from within
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Where do T lymphocytes receive their second activation signal from?
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APCs
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Where do B lymphocytes receive their second activation signal from?
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Subtype of helper T lymphocytes
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6 Antibody functions
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- Antigen receptor for B cells
- Neutralization - Complement activation - Opsonization - Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity - Mast Cell Activation |
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Ag + Ab = ?
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Detectable Ag:Ab reaction
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Which immunoglobulins are most involved in complement activation?
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IgM (+++)
IgG (++) |
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Which immunoglobulin is most involved in Opsonization?
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IgG
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Which immunoglobulin is most involved in neutralization?
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IgG, IgM, IgA equally
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Which immunoglobulin is most involved in mast cell activation?
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IgE
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What is passive immunization?
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Administration of ABs
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What kind of immunities are associated with passive immunization?
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Humeral only
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What is administered in active immunization?
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Administration of AGs
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What kind of immunities are associated with active immunization?
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Humeral and Cell Mediated
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Which type of immunization invokes an immune response?
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Active
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Which type of immunization has immunologic memory?
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Active
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Three items that passively immunize
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- Antiserum
- Antitoxins - Mother's milk |
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Way to actively immunize
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Vaccines
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What is a prophylactic immunization?
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For prevention of disease
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What is a therapeutic immunization?
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For treatment of disease
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Immune deficiencies associated with innate immune system (3)
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- Barrier malfunctions
- Phagocyte malfunctions - Complement malfunctions |
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Immune deficiencies associated with adaptive immune system
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- Humoral
- Cell mediated - Both |
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Two types of immune deficiencies
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- Primary
- Secondary |
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Which class of immune deficiencies is acquired at birth?
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Primary
Everything else is Secondary |
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Which immune system is responsible for damage by inflammation?
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Innate
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Types of damage caused by adaptive immune responses?
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- Response to AGs of infectious agents
- Innocuous AGs (autoimmune disease, allergies) |
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What is the term for damage mediated by adaptive immune responses?
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Hypersensitivity reactions
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What are the four types of hypersensitivity reactions?
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I - IV
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What is Type I hypersensitivity reaction?
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Immediate, allergic
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What is Type II hypersensitivity reaction?
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Cytotoxic
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What is Type III hypersensitivity reaction?
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Immune complex
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What is Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?
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Delayed hypersensitivity
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Which types of hypersensitivity are mediated by ABs?
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I - III
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Which types of hypersensitivity are mediated by T-lymphocytes?
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IV
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What is autoimmune disease?
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Adaptive immune response to self antigens and the resulting tissue damage
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Two types of immunologic tolerance
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- Central
- Peripheral |
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Which immunologic tolerance occurs in maturing lymphocytes?
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Central
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Which immunologic tolerance occurs in adult lymphocytes?
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Peripheral
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If an immature lymphocyte reacts with a self antigen what two things can happen?
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- Apoptosis
-or- - It becomes a Treg cell |
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What happens if a mature lymphocyte reacts with a self AG?
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- It may be suppressed by a Treg
- It becomes anergic |
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Antibodies involved with Type I hypersensitivity reaction
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IgE
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Antibodies involved with Type II hypersensitivity reaction
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IgG
IgM |
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Antibodies involved with Type III hypersensitivity reaction
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IgG
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Cells involved with Type IV hypersensitivity reaction (2)
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Th1 (recruit macrophages)
Tc cells |
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What specifically happens in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
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IgE binds to Mast cells
AG binds to an IgE-bound mast cell Inflammation |
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What specifically happens in Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
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IgG or IgM bind to cells and cause their destruction (cytotoxicity)
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What specifically happens in Type III hypersensitivity reactions?
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IgG binds to Ags to form immune complexes
Immune complexes deposit in tissue Inflammation |
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What specifically happens in Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?
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Th1 recruits macrophages
Inflammation Tc cells kill host cells Inflammation |
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What specifically happens in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
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IgE binds to Mast cells
AG binds to an IgE-bound mast cell Inflammation |
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What specifically happens in Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
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IgG or IgM bind to cells and cause their destruction (cytotoxicity)
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What specifically happens in Type III hypersensitivity reactions?
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IgG binds to Ags to form immune complexes
Immune complexes deposit in tissue Inflammation |
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What specifically happens in Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?
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Th1 recruits macrophages
Inflammation Tc cells kill host cells Inflammation |
