Immunology Test 3

Front 1

Pre-B-cell receptor surrogate chain is made out of? Each represents what in the actual BCR?

Back 1

VpreB = variable region of surrogate

λ5 = constant region of surrogate

Front 2

What does IL-7 do when/where is it needed in B-cell development?

Back 2

B cells at later stage of maturation require interleukin-7 (IL-7) to stimulate their growth and proliferation

IL-7 is a cytokine that acts on late pro and pre-bcells

Front 3

VDJ = heavy → happens first → during _________ stages

VJ = light → happens second → during _________ stage

Back 3

VDJ = heavy → happens first → during both pro-bcell stages

VJ = light → happens second → during small pre-bcell stage

Front 4

Immature B cells vs. Mature B cells, are there differences?

Back 4

Imature: IgM > IgD

Mature: IgD > IgM

Front 5

Lareg Pre-B cells → Small Pre-B cell, what significant happens or is formed at this point in B-Cell maturation?

Back 5

Large pre-bcells have successfully rearranged the heavy chain, express μ-chain, and begin rearranging light chain

Front 6

D + J of heavy chain rearrangement signifies what stage in b cell?

Back 6

early pro bcell

successful rearrangement moves on to late pro bcell

Front 7

V + (DJ) of heavy chain rearrangement signifies what stage in b cell?

Back 7

late pro bcell

successful rearrangement moves on to large prebcell

Front 8

checkpoint one in bcells?

checkpoint two?

Back 8

pre-b-cell receptor = checkpoint 1

full b-cell receptor = checkpoint 2

Front 9

Type 1 B-cells?

Back 9

CD5 B-cells = Type 1 B-cells = B1 cells → not as specific = polyspecificity

Front 10

Burkitt's lymphoma:

the ____ gene on chromosome ___ is translocated next to the ____ gene on chromosome ____

Back 10

MYC (chr8) is a cell division gene → placed next to Ig gene (chr14) after translocation → tons of abnormal growth

Front 11

Primary location of CD5 b-cells?

Are they replaced from bone marrow?

Need T-cell help?

Back 11

CD5 bcells are basically the opposite:

located in peritoneum and pleural area

self replicating (not replaced) and dont need tcell help

Front 12

RAG1 and 2 are expressed first during ______ through _______

Turned off during large pre-bcell stage and turned back on during ______

Back 12

Expressed first: During early pro through large pre-B

Expressed second: during small pre-bcell phase to rearrange light chain

Front 13

CCL21 is secreted by_____ and binds to ______ in order to_____

Back 13

CCL21- secreted by stromal cells to get bcells through HEV

CCR7 = receptor on bcell for CCL21

Front 14

CCL19

Back 14

secreted by dendritic cells to attract bcells

Front 15

CXCL13 – secreted by______ in order to?

Back 15

secreted by FDC to get bcells in to follicle

Front 16

BAFF stands for? secreted by?

Back 16

B-cell activating factor – promotes survival of B-cell

Receptor is on B-cell; cytokine secreted by a lot of cells

Front 17

LT

Back 17

mediates FDC network

Receptor of same name is on FDC; made by b-cell

Front 18

in germinal center activated b-cells become large proliferating lymphoblasts called _______ → those mature into slower dividng bcells called _______

Back 18

centroblasts

centrocytes

Front 19

centroblasts are in the _____ zone and centrocytes are in the _____ zone

Back 19

o Centrocytes in the LIGHT zone

o Centroblasts in the DARK zone

Front 20

What are in the light and dark zones of the germinal center?

Back 20

dark zone has centroblasts, both have b-cells, the rest is in light zone

Front 21

Plasma cells can differentiate directly from ?

Back 21

activated B cells; from isotype switched, somatically hypermutated centrocytes; or from memory B cells

Front 22

What are the isotypes of the light chains and which is usually rearranged first?

Back 22

Kappa and Lambda → Kappa is rearranged first

Front 23

What makes up the pre-TCR

Back 23

CD3: ε+δ and ε+ϒ

ζ chains
pTα

Front 24

Notch1?

Back 24

Influences cells to become T-cells

Front 25

IL-7

Back 25

IL-7 receptor on T-cells is essential for binding IL-7 secreted by thymic stromal cells – helps tell the T-cell what to do next in its maturation

Front 26

Deletion in chromosome 22 in which the thymus fails to develop and T cells are absent

Susceptibility to wide range of opportunistic infections → resembles SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency disease)

Back 26

DiGeorge’s syndrome

Front 27

What chromosome has a deletion in DiGeorge’s syndrome?

symptoms represent?

Back 27

chr. 22

SCID = symptoms of the pathogen

Front 28

Double negative T-cell?

Back 28

no cd4 or cd8

Front 29

Which takes place first positive or negative selection? Where does positive occur?

Back 29

positive then negative

positive is in the thymic cortex

Front 30

11. If you are heterozygous for MHC (HLA) genes how many presenting MHC (HLA) molecules do you have?

Back 30

12

Front 31

Which type of TCR predominates alpha beta or gamma delta?

Back 31

Αβ

Front 32

Rearrangement of a beta-chain, how many attempts do they have to make a functional rearrangement?

Back 32

4 gene rearrangements

Front 33

When are the CD- 4 and 8 co-expressed, before or after beta chain rearrangement?

Back 33

After beta chain rearrangement

Front 34

The Tcell becomes permissive for alpha chain rearrangement; stimulates CD4 and CD8 expression; stimulates proliferation; and stops beta chain rearrangement when?

Back 34

the pre-TCR is successful

Front 35

Autoimmune Regulator (AIRE)

Back 35

Causes the expression of tissue specific proteins (ie proteins only found in the pancreas)

Allows to test for self-reactions for more than what’s normally in the thymus

Front 36

Does the thymus play a role in activation of naive T cells? If not, where do the T cells meet their antigen?

Back 36

No, they are activated in secondary lymphoid tissues.

Front 37

Where does central tolerance for T-cells take place?

Back 37

Thymus medulla

Front 38

A regulatory T-cell is a CD-4 or CD-8 T-cell? What transcription factor is unique to the T-reg cells?

Back 38

• CD4
• FoxP3

Front 39

Homing:
L-selectin is on the ____ and binds to ____

LFA-1 is on the _____ and binds to _____

Back 39

L-selectin is on the T-cell and binds to vasuclar adressins (glycam)

LFA-1 is on the T-cell and binds to ICAM-1

Front 40

The T-cells will migrate toward the high concentrations of _____ and ______ within the lymph node

Back 40

The T-cells will migrate toward the high concentrations of CCL21 and CCL19 within the lymph node

Front 41

What is S1P? What does it do?

Back 41

sphingosine 1-phosphate attract t-cells that HAVENT met their antigen back into circulation

When t-cells meet their antigen in nodes they suppress S1P receptors

Front 42

What t-cells migrate to infection?
What tcells stay in the lymph?

Back 42

CD8 and TH1 migrate

TH2 stays

Front 43

B7 molecules?

What binds to B7 to activate Tcells?

Back 43

co-stimulatory molecules present on professional APCs

CD28

Front 44

What is CTLA-4 what does it bind to and what is the result of it binding?

Back 44

CTLA-4 is a B7 receptor on Activated t-cells. Binding to B7 slows down activation and limits cell proliferation

B7 binding to CD28 activates a T cell, while B7 binding to CTLA-4 slows down activation and limits cell proliferation

Front 45

What chemokine directs and niave T-cells to the T-cells area to check the dendritic cells MHC molecules?

Back 45

CCL18

Front 46

What happens when a naïve T cell interacts with an antigen presented by a cell that is not a professional antigen presenting cell

Back 46

It becomes anergic = no IL2

Front 47

IL-2?

Back 47

produced by activated tcells that is essential for their proliferation

Front 48

What does a Professional APC have that other cells don’t have?

Back 48

the co-stimulatory molecule B7

Front 49

Langerhan’s cells what and where are they?

Back 49

Langerhans’ cell of the skin is a typical immature dendritic cell with large granules (Birbeck granules = phagosome like form)

Front 50

Mature vs Immature dendritic cells molecules?

functions?

Back 50

DEC 205 = immature dendritic cell
DC SIGN = mature dendritic cell

Immature = capture
Mature = present to t-cells

Front 51

16. What does IL-2 do and when is it made?

Back 51

IL-2 binds IL-2 receptors of T cell to drive clonal expansion of the activated cell

made when tcell is activated

Front 52

DAG leads to ______

IP3 _____ and activates _____

Back 52

DAG leads to the NFkB and AP1 transcription factors

IP3 increases calbium and activates the transcription factor NFAT

Front 53

What is ZAP 70 and when is it activated (which cell type and when?)

Back 53

ZAP 70 is attached to CD3 on t-cells and leads to activation when MHC:peptide and coreceptor are bound

Front 54

What cells in B7 on? What cell is CD28 on? What do they do when they come together?

Back 54

•B7 is on all professional antigen presenting cells

•CD28 is on T-cells

•Together they cause cell proliferation by the signal transduction.

•They bind to each other and activate NFAT → production of IL-2 → proliferation

Front 55

Where in the lymph node are dendritic cells?

Back 55

in the cortical T-cell areas of the lymph node.

Front 56

Where in the lymph node are macrophages?

Back 56

throughout the cortex and medulla

Front 57

Where in the lymph node are Bcells?

Back 57

the lymphoid follicles in the cortex

Front 58

Do CD8 T-cells use cytotoxins or cytokines? CD4?

Back 58

CD8 = both

CD4 = cytokines

Front 59

CD8 cytotoxins?

Back 59

Perforin and granulysin make pores in the target cell membrane for the granzymes to enter and cleave certain cell proteins

Front 60

Fas and FasL? location and function?

Back 60

Fas:FasL interaction sends a signal to the target cell to undergo apoptosis.

FasL is on the lymphocyte (tcell) → Fas is on target cell

Front 61

Main pathway to get rid of unwanted lymphocytes?

Back 61

Fas and FasL

Front 62

VLA4 is expressed on the _________ and binds to VCAM-1 on the _______

Back 62

VLA4 is expressed on the activated t-cell and binds to VCAM-1 on the infected endotheium

Front 63

_____ is expressed on the activated t-cell and binds to _____ on the infected endotheium

Back 63

VLA4 is expressed on the activated t-cell and binds to VCAM-1 on the infected endotheium

Front 64

What are VLA-4 and VCAM-1 responsible for?

Back 64

They home the t-cells to infected/inflammed tissues

Front 65

Can effector T cells be stimulated in the absence of co-stimulating signal?

Back 65

Yes once they are activated

Front 66

CD8 cells also contribute to the immune response by secreting the cytokine?

Back 66

IFN-gamma

Front 67

Functions of IFN-gamma?

Back 67

inhibits the replication of viruses

increases the processing and presentation of viral antigen by MHC class

activates macrophages

Front 68

Activation of Macrophages, What is needed? And which cells activate them?

Back 68

TH1 cells activate macrophages via Both CD40 and IFN-gamma

CD8 can also activate them via IFN gamma and carbohydrates in place of CD40

Front 69

Can TH1 cytokines affect Th2 differentiation and visa-versa?

Back 69

Cytokines produced by TH1 cells can suppress the differentiation of TH2 cells and Cytokines produced by TH2 cells can suppress the differentiation of TH1 cells

Front 70

What is the only cell that can activate a CD-8 T-cell without help

Back 70

Dendritic cells

Front 71

What are the other ways to get a CD8 T cell activated other than by a dendritic cell?

Back 71

Under conditions of suboptimal co-stimulation, CD4 T cells can help activated naïve CD8 T cells.

Front 72

Tuberculoid leprosy?

Back 72

controlled by TH1 biased response = cell mediated response

Front 73

Lepromatous leprosy?

Back 73

uncontrolled infection by TH2 biased response = humoral response

Front 74

Which leprosy is worse?

Back 74

Lepromatous leprosy

Front 75

ALPS is caused by what?

Back 75

Individuals who lack functional Fas molecules cannot control the size of their lymphocyte population nor remove autoimmune cells

Secondary lymphoid organs become swollen in the absence of infection

Front 76

ALPS stands for?

Back 76

autoimmune lymphoproliferation syndrome

Front 77

Activated T-cell adds alpha chain of IL-2 receptor. IL-2 operates via _________ mechanism

Back 77

autocrine --> tcell secretes IL-2 which binds to the complete IL-2 receptor on the same T-cell

Front 78

Cytokines of the CD8 T-cell?

Back 78

IGN-gamma
LT

Front 79

Cytokines of the CD4 TH1-cell?

Back 79

IFN-gamma
GM-CSF
TNF-alpha
LT
IL3

Front 80

Cytokines of the CD4 TH2-cell?

Back 80

IL-4
IL-5
IL-10
IL-13
TGF-beta

Front 81

What comes first for B-cells positive or negative selection?

Back 81

B cells: negative then positive

T-cells: positive then negative

Front 82

Where does negative selection of B-cells take place? positive?

Back 82

Bcells negative selection is in the bone marrow

positive selection is in secondary lymph

Front 83

Is there somatic recombination outside the bone marrow?

hypermutation?

Back 83

No somatic recombination in secondary tissue

Front 84

Burkitt’s lymphoma is caused by the translocation of the myc gene from chromosome 8 to the IG area on 14 of the T-cell genes, true or false

Back 84

False

Front 85

Can there be b-cell heavy chain rearrangement to save a self-reactive bcell?

Light chain?

Back 85

no heavy chain rescue

light chain rescue is possible

Front 86

Immature B-cells enter the lymph from the ______ via the _______

Back 86

blood via the HEV

Front 87

Does b-cell isotype switching take place in marrow?

Back 87

no, only in secondary tissue

Front 88

T-cells enter the thymus via the _____

Back 88

blood

Front 89

Hassall’s corpuscle is a ?

Back 89

Hassall’s corpuscle is a death center

Front 90

Do bone marrow transplants fix DiGeorges?

Back 90

no

Front 91

Nonfunctional rearrangement of the alpha chain locus results in the t-cell.....

Back 91

undergoing apoptosis - cant use delta

Front 92

Can you have a double positive thymocyte with two different receptors?

Back 92

yes

Front 93

How do t-cells get through the endothelium?

Back 93

extravasation/diapedasis

Front 94

Is the costimulatory requirement a type of peripheral tolerance?

Back 94

yes