Immunology: Test 2: 15. Immunity To Microbes

Front 1

what is important for fighting early viral infection

Back 1

type I interferons (think mucous)
and NK cells

Front 2

major phagocytotic cells 2

Back 2

neutraphils and macrophages

Front 3

what enhances phagocytosis?

Back 3

opsinins

Front 4

viruses require a better TH1 or TH2 response?

Back 4

TH1

Front 5

is the NK cell MHC restricted?

Back 5

no!

Front 6

Cytotoxic T cells are what kind of cells?

Back 6

CD8+

Front 7

T cell vs. NK

mediate ADCC

Back 7

NK does this

Front 8

T cell vs. NK

MHC restriction?

Back 8

T: yes

NK: NO

Front 9

T cell vs. NK

antigen specific

Back 9

T: yes

NK: no

Front 10

T cell vs. NK

induce targer cell apoptosis

Back 10

Both do this

Front 11

what is perforin?

Back 11

like C9 protein of complement

puts a hole in the target cell

Front 12

CD3

Back 12

on all mature functional T cells

Front 13

CRP

Back 13

C reactive protein

acute phase protein

made during inflammatory rxn, measurable for systemic inflammation

Front 14

C3a

Back 14

complement protein

inflammatory mediator

Front 15

C3b

Back 15

number 1 opsinin

Front 16

C5a

Back 16

complement protein

inflammatory mediator

chemotactic for neutraphil

Front 17

CXCR4

Back 17

chemokine receptor

important for getting cells to where they are needed

Front 18

CTLA-4

Back 18

T-cell inhibitor

prevents co-stimulatory signals (stops CD28 to B7 binding)

Front 19

CD8

Back 19

cytotoxic T cell killer

Front 20

C1q

Back 20

complement protein

initiates classical pathway of complement activation

Front 21

Granuloma

Back 21

Granulomas are space-occupying chronic inflammatory lesions that form due to cell- mediated immune reactions. Certain infections tend to lead to granuloma formation, e.g. tuberculosis, Leismaniasis, Schistosomiasis

Front 22

what is ADCC in general

Back 22

antibodies and killer cells combine to kill shiz

Front 23

TH1 leads to what?

Back 23

INF gamma to macrophage activation

Front 24

TH2 releases what leading to?

Back 24

IL4,5 for mast cell, eosinophils and IgE production

Front 25

IL 10 does what?

Back 25

turns off TH1

Front 26

what does TGF B do? 2

Back 26

turns off T cells

isotype switch to IgA***

Front 27

IL 10 and TGF B do in general?

Back 27

immuno suppression

Front 28

what is the primary mucosal immune Ig?

Back 28

IgA

Front 29

does Iga cross placenta? does it activate complement via classical pathway?

Back 29

NO

NOOOOO

Front 30

3 most important antiviral

Back 30

type 1 interferons, NK, cytotoxic T cells

Front 31

what mechanism is best at fighting extracellular bacteria

objective

Back 31

Antibody and complement

Front 32

what mechanism is best at fighting fungi

Back 32

phagocytosis (neutraphils and macrophages)

Front 33

intracellular viral infections what is most important?

objective

Back 33

t cell

Front 34

if you have problems with phagocytosis what are you most likely to get as far as infections go?

Back 34

fungal

Front 35

Describe 4 - 5 ways in which antibody, either alone or in combination with other immune system elements, can help to clear or neutralize antigen (i.e., bacteria, viruses, toxins).


**objective

Back 35

Ab-assisted phagocytosis
Ab + complement lysis
Ab + antigen complexes
Ab neutralization of toxins and viruses

Ab interference with virus/bacteria cell attachment
Role of IgE in anti-parasite defense
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
Role of secretory IgA on mucosal surfaces

Front 36

What cell types mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)?


**objective

Back 36

Specific antibodies are formed (with the help of T cells) to the microbial invader. The microbe is targeted for destruction by these antibodies.

2) Killer cells that have receptors for the Fc portion of the antibody (i.e. Fc receptors) destroy the target cells.

3) The antibody (usually IgG isotype) basically acts as a bridge to connect the killer cell and the target cell.

4) ADCC killer cells include: NK cells and macrophages

Front 37

What types of infections would you expect to see in a person with a total deficiency in antibody production?


**objective

Back 37

extracellular bacterial infections are most common

Front 38

What intracellular killing mechanisms are present within activated macrophages?


**objective

Back 38

produce oxygen free radicals for intracellular killing

Front 39

Describe the role(s) of T-helper cells and cytotoxic T-cells in a virus infection.


**objective

Back 39

Cytotoxic T-cells (CTL), which are usually CD8+, are known to kill virus-infected cells and tumor cells. This killing is 1) antigen specific 2) MHC Class I restricted, i.e. target cell must have MHC class I with antigenic peptide in the binding groove; and may cause cell lysis by 3) inducing "programmed cell death" (apoptosis), or 4) release of pore-forming proteins like perforin.

Front 40

What is a granuloma? What is the potential significance of granuloma formation?


**objective

Back 40

cannot kill the cell after it is phagocytized due to lack of reactive O2 species in macrophage

a granuloma is the walled off problem that is not killed

this is seen in chronic granulatomous disease

Front 41

What is the basic difference between TH1 and TH2 type T-lymphocytes?


**objective

Back 41

TH1 cells release IL-2 and IFN-gamma (enhance cell-mediated responses; some IgG)

TH2 cells release IL-4, IL-5, IL- 6, and IL-10 (enhance humoral responses; IgE)

Front 42

What is the primary role of Natural Killer Cells (NK cells) in the immune response?


**objective

Back 42

NK cells are "large granular lymphocytes" with no discernible antigen receptor. However, antibody can provide the specificity and activate NK cells via ADCC. NK Cells major role may be to destroy infected cells

Front 43

What are perforin and Nitric oxide? What are their roles in host defenses?


**objective

Back 43

Nitric oxide is a gas produced in phagocytic cells and is toxic to many organisms

, which when released can polymerize and cause transmembrane pores to form. Perforin is structurally similar to the C9 component of complement. CTL granules also contain proteolytic enzymes and TNF-α, all of which can damage target cells.

Front 44

What is the immunologic advantage of using an oral or nasal influenza vaccine in place of or in addition to the traditional parenteral vaccine?


**objective

Back 44

advantage of oral:

absorbed in intestines, returned to heart via thoracic duct, then pumps all over your body