Immunology Section 2

Front 1

What three criteria would you use to diagnose multiple myeloma in a patient?

Back 1

1.
2.
3.

Front 2

When talking about MHC molecules, what does it mean that MHC molecules are polygenic and polymorphic?

Back 2

Polygenic: many genes present for sam MHC molecule
Polymorphic: many alleles of same gene present

Front 3

We often add bacterial components to adjuvants. Why?

Back 3

Bacterial components are often added to adjuvants

Front 4

How do we make antibodies to carbohydrates?

Back 4

Antibodies to carbohydrates

Front 5

In any cell, where are cytosolic pathogens degraded?

Back 5

cytosol

Front 6

In any cell, the peptides of cytosolic pathogens bind to what type of molecule?

Back 6

MHC class I

Front 7

In any cell, cytosolic pathogens are presented to what type of receptor?

Back 7

CD8

Front 8

What is the effect on the presenting cell that displays peptides of cytosolic pathogens?

Back 8

Virus infected cell is killed

Front 9

In macrophages, where are intravesicular pathogens degraded?

Back 9

macrophage vesicle

Front 10

In macrophages, the peptides of intravesicular pathogens bind to what type of molecule?

Back 10

MHC class II

Front 11

In macrophages, what are the peptides of intravesicular pathogens presented to?

Back 11

CD4

Front 12

What is the effect on the presenting macrophage that displays peptides of intravesicular pathogens?

Back 12

macrophage is activated

Front 13

In B cells, where are extracellular pathogens and toxins degraded?

Back 13

endocytic vesicles

Front 14

In B cells, the peptides of extracellular pathogens and toxins bind to what type of molecule?

Back 14

MHC class II

Front 15

In B cells, the peptides of extracellular pathogens and toxins are presented to what type of receptor?

Back 15

CD4

Front 16

What is the effect on B cells that present peptides of extracellular pathogens and toxins?

Back 16

B cell is activated to make antibodies to pathogens and toxins

Front 17

Why is it important that one cell deliver both the Ag-specific and co-stimulatory signal when talking about T cytotoxic cells?

Back 17

To avoid immune response to self-Ag, in case autoreactivity is not removed during negative selection

Front 18

Give an example of a pathogen which can be cleared by Ab, an example of a pathogen that is cleared specifically by the CMI response and an example of a pathogen that is cleared by neither.

Back 18

Cleared by Ab:
Cleared by CMI:
Cleared by neither:

Front 19

We usually think of the APCs being the only cells that express MHC class II molecules. What other cell expresses MHC class II and why is this important?

Back 19

Thymic cortical epithelial cells; they're important in the positive selection of thymocytes.

Front 20

CTLA-4 plays a very important role in the immune response. Please explain what this involves.

Back 20

CTLA-4 is involved in shutting klklj;lkj;lkjl;kj

Front 21

The dendritic cell is considered to be the most potent of all the APCs. Describe the evolution of the dendritic cell into this highly efficient APC.

Back 21

immature dendritic cells good at phagocytosis-->immature dendritic cells stop phagocytosing and morphology change (lymphatic circ)-->mature dendritic cell no longer phagocytosesZXcvZVCZv

Front 22

What is affinity maturation and what causes it to occur?

Back 22

a

Front 23

What is ADCC and how does it work?

Back 23

a

Front 24

Diagram and label the sequence of events that leads to Ag presentation by MHC class I.

Back 24

a

Front 25

Fill in the chart by describing the status of the H-chains and L-chains in each stage of B cell development in terms of being in the germline configuration or if undergoing rearrangement, and name which gene segments are involved.

Back 25

a

Front 26

Thymocytes go through a positive and negative selection process in the thymus. Explain how this selection process works and what the process is meant to do.

Back 26

a

Front 27

T cells play an important role in the immune response to pathogens. Complete this chart by providing an example of a pathogen that would promote the T cell effector response indicated.

Back 27

.

Front 28

There are two type of T helper cells. Explain the difference between the two with respect to function and cytokines that they make.

Back 28

.

Front 29

IL-2 is an important cytokine in promoting T cell proliferation. Explain the structure of the active IL-2 receptor and what causes this to change. How do these changes affect IL-2 binding? Why is this important?

Back 29

.

Front 30

Diagram the interaction and factors required to activate a B cell to make Ab if only a B cell and a TH2 cell are involved.

Back 30

.

Front 31

You are looking at the structure of a lymph node. Please explain what events are taking place in the various regions indicated as mantle zone, light zone, and dark zone.

Back 31

Mantle:
Light:
Dark:

Front 32

Does IgG cross the placenta?

Back 32

yes

Front 33

Does IgE cross the placenta?

Back 33

no

Front 34

What is the in vivo half life (days) of IgG?

Back 34

.

Front 35

What is the in vivo half life (days) of IgE?

Back 35

.

Front 36

What are the normal serum levels (mg/mL) of IgG?

Back 36

.

Front 37

What are the normal serum levels (mg/mL) of IgE?

Back 37

.

Front 38

What are two important requirements for T cells when they bind Ag in order for them to be activated by Ag?

Back 38

T cells must have co-receptors (CD4 or CD8) and MHC molecule

Front 39

What happens to an immature B cell (bone marrow) that recognizes a multivalent self molecule?

Back 39

apoptosis

Front 40

What happens to an immature B cell (bone marrow) that recognizes a soluble self molecule?

Back 40

anergy (alive but not active)

Front 41

What happens to an immature B cell (bone marrow) that recognizes low affinity noncross-linking self molecule?

Back 41

mature B cell, clonally ignorant

Front 42

What happens to an immature B cell (bone marrow) that has no self reaction?

Back 42

mature B cell

Front 43

How does a superantigen work when we talk about activating T cells? Give an example of the origin of a superantigen.

Back 43

.

Front 44

How many different Ab specificities can we make? How did you arrive at this number?

Back 44

.

Front 45

What lymphocytes would develop if bone marrow cells from a SCID mouse were transplanted into a nude mouse which has had its bone marrow destroyed and why?

Back 45

.

Front 46

Name 2 cell surface markers that are absolutely specific for T cells and 2 cell markers that are absolutely specific for B cells.

Back 46

T cells: CD8, CD3, TCR
B cells: CD20

Front 47

What is allelic exclusion? Where does it function?

Back 47

.

Front 48

Name one T cell tumor, the cell it originated from, what cell surface marker is characteristic for it and where one would most likely find this tumor cell in the body.

Back 48

Acute Lymphoblast Leukemia, Surface marker is CD1, Originates from thymocyte and would most likely be found in the thymus

Front 49

Give the concentration of IgG and of IgE in the blood and what their half-lives are in the blood.

Back 49

.

Front 50

Diagram in detail and label the steps necessary for an IgA molecule to be secreted into the lumen of the gut.

Back 50

.

Front 51

Diagram and label the process of how MHC class I molecules are armed with antigen for presentation.

Back 51

.

Front 52

Diagram and label the process of how MHC class II molecules are armed with antigen for presentation.

Back 52

.

Front 53

B cells undergo a strict program of events involving Ag-receptor gene rearrangements that start at the pro-B cell stage and end at the immature B cell stage. Diagram and label what the sequential events are that lead to the successful development of an immature B cell.

Back 53

.

Front 54

Diagram and label the series of events that occur to explain positive and negative selection in the thymus which leads to the generation of mature CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells.

Back 54

.

Front 55

What are three differences that differentiate a mature dendritic cell from an immature dendritic cells?

Back 55

.

Front 56

Describe what triggers mast cell degranulation.

Back 56

.

Front 57

How are the activation and proliferation of T cells shut down?

Back 57

Cross-linking of CD28 on T cells drives co-stimulation during activation of naive T cells and induces CTLA-4. CTLA-4 binds B7 more avidly than CD28 and delivers the inhibitory signals to T cells

Front 58

IL-4 and IL-5 are important cytokines that promote Ab production. In particular, each of these cytokines preferentially promotes heavy chain gene switching to generate one particular immunoglobulin isotype. What is the isotype that each promotes?

Back 58

IL-4 induces
IL-5 augments production of IgA

Front 59

How are Abs usually produced to carbohydrate?

Back 59

CHO attaches to protein carrier
T cell recognizes the protein portion and stimulates B cells to secrete Ab
B cells secrete Abs and recognize the bacterial polysaccharide

Front 60

What is the difference between a T-dependent and a T-independent Ag?

Back 60

T-dependent Ag requires a secondary signal with CD40
T-independent Ag has a repeated polymer cross-linking on the cell surface that will bind