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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What cytokine do macrophages release?
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IL-1
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What is the 2 major functions of IL 1?
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fever and recruits T-helper cells
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A fever causes the secretion of what Ig?
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IgA
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What is the most immunogenic bacteria?
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shigella
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Where does humoral immunity take place?
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in the blood
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What cells are involved in humoral immunity?
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b-cells and neutrophils
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Where does cell mediated response take place?
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tissue
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What cells are involved in the cell mediated response?
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t-cells and macrophages
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What does the humoral system handle?
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bacteria
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What does the cell mediated system handle?
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everything else!
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What are the non-bacterial infections that the cell mediated system takes care of?
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virus, fungus, mycobacterium, protozoa, parasites, neoplasms
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What part of the immune system is deficient in DiGeorge's?
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t-cell
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What is missing in DeGeorge?
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third pharyngeal pouch, inferior parathyroids
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What are calcium levels in DeGeorge?
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the only immunodeficiency with hypocalcemia
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What is chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis charaterized by?
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candida infections on the skin and mucous membranes
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What is the defect in mucocutaneous candidiasis?
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t-cell defect at a submolecular level
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How does cyclosporine prolong the longevity of transplanted organs?
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inhibits calcineurin which is needed to produce interleukins
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What are the 2 major side effects of cyclosporine?
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causes gingival hyperplasia and hirsutism
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What is tacrilimus?
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used in the place of cyclosporine because it has fewer side effects
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What is the defect that causes SCIDs?
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adenosine deaminase- DNA synthesis is disrupted
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What is the standard of care in SCIDs?
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bone marrow transplant
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What is the problem in Wiscott-Aldridge syndrome?
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involves B-tell and t-cell interaction
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What inheritance is wiscott-aldridge?
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XR
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What is the problem in Bruton's Agammaglobulinemia?
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b-cell function is impaired- cell signalling is defective
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What are b-cell numbers in Bruton's Agammaglobulinema?
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b-cell count is normal
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What is CVID?
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Bruton's after 1 yr of age
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What is characteristic of Selective IgA deficiency?
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many mucosal infections
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What disease causes anaphylaxis during transfusion?
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Selective IgA Deficiency
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A myeloperoxidase deficiency in the neutrophil leads to recurrent infections in what?
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gram (+)
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Chronic granulomatous disease is a defect in what enzyme?
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NADPH-oxidase def.
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What inheritance is chronic greanulomatous disease?
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XR
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What confirms the diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease?
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negative NBT test
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How does HIV attach to host cells?
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GP120 on HIV binds CD-4 on t-cells
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What are P17 and P24 used for in an HIV infection?
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assembly
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What is the treatment for HIV infection?
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two nucleoside inhibitors and one protease inhibitor- AZT, 3TC, 4DT, DDI or DDC or rotenvir, indinavir, sequinavir (protease inhibitors)
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How do sulfa drugs work?
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mimics PABA- blocks the synthesis of folic acid
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What do sulfa drugs treat?
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all gram + incl s. aureus and simple gram - (e.coli, H. influenza)
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What is sulfiadiazine specifically used for?
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to treat burn patients
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How do macrolides work?
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bind 50s- block translocation
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What is used to treat c. difficle?
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vancomycin
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What 4 drugs cause bone marrow suppression?
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vinblastine, AZT, CHLORAMPHENICOL, benzene
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What 3 viruses most commonly suppress leukocytes?
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parvovirus B19, Hep E, Hep C
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What 3 drugs cause agranulocytosis?
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carbamezapine, ticlopidine, clozapine
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Other than agranulocytosis, what other major side effect does clozapine have?
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seizures
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What type of cells do all leukemias have?
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tear drop cells
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What do you give hairy cell leukemia to turn it to AML?
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vitamin A
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What is the current treatment for lymphoma?
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ABVD- adriamycin, bleomycin, vincristine, dacarbazine
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What are they levels in polycythemia rubra vera?
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all cell lines are elevated, RBCs the most
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What is a classic clue to polycythemia rubra vera?
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itching after a hot bath
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All cell lines are elevated in essential thrombocythemia, so how can you tell the difference between this and polycythemia rubra vera?
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in essential, platelets are increased the most
in polycythemia, RBCs are increased the most |
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What is the clinical picture of aplastic anemia?
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all cell lines are depleted
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What 3 viruses cause aplastic anemia?
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parvo B19, Hep E and Hep C
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What 4 drugs cause aplastic anemia?
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chloramphenicol, AZT, benzene and vinblastine
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CD8 T-cells respond to what type antigens?
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self
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CD4 T-cells respond to what antigens?
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foreign
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CD 4 t-cells can become what type of cell?
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t-helper
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t-helper 1 cells respond to what?
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cell mediated
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t-help 2 cells respond to what?
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humoral
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What interleukins do t-helper cells secrete?
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all except IL-1, they also produce INF-G and TNF-G
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Where does an NK cell develop?
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with T-cells in the thymus
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What complex do NK cells express?
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MCH-1
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What does levamisole do?
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enhances NKs ability
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What is the only gram (+) that has an endotoxin?
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lysteria
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What steroid is used in the brain?
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dexamethasone
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What are the 3 catalase + bacteria?
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s. aureus, pseudomonas, nisseria
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What 5 things cause extreme monocytosis (monocytes >15%)?
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STELS- salmonella typhi, TB, EBV, lysteria, syphilis
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What do mast cells produce?
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histamine, SRS-A and ECF-A
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What do eosinophils produce?
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histaminase, arylsulphatase, heparin
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What is the most potent bronchoconstrictor?
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SRS-A
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What is the function of eosinophils?
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make sure mast cells don't get out of hand
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What does heparin act as a cofactor for?
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antithrombin 3
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What does heparin/antithrombin block?
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thrombin and clotting factors 9,10,11,12 (intrinsic clotting cascade)
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What is intrinsic asthma? What triggers it?
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you are born with it, colds and cold air set it off
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What is extrinsic asthma?
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caused by environmental factors
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What cells does a type 1 hypersensitivity involve?
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mast cells and eosinophils
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What is a type 2 hypersensitivity?
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cytotoxic, complement comes in after the attack
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What is a type 3 hypersensitivity?
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immune complex deposition
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What cells are involved in a type 4 hypersensitivity?
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cell mediated- t-cells and macrophages
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What is angioedema caused by?
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C-1 esterase inhibitor deficiency
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