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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 2 types of Immunity?
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1. Natural (innate)
2. Adaptive (aquired) |
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Which type of immunity requires prior exposure to pathogen?
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Adaptive (aquired)
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Which type of immunity is the first line of defense against infections? the second line of defense?
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1st line of defense - natural
2nd line of defense - adaptive |
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Which type of immunity has memory?
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adaptive
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List the four types of adaptive immunity from most effective to least effective.
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1. Active naturally acquired
2. Active artificially acquired 3. Passive artificially acquired 4. Passive naturally acquired |
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What are some components of innate immunity?
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skin, mucous membranes, lysozymes, stomach and vaginal pH, saliva, perspiration, cilia, inflammation, interferon, complement, fever, collectins
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What is the response time for innate immunity? for adaptive immunity?
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innate - hours
adaptive - days |
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How is the response to repeat infections in innate immunity? in adaptive immunity?
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innate - identical to primary response
adaptive - much more rapid than primary response |
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What are the 4 aspects of an adaptive immune response?
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1. specificity - immune system is capable of distinguishing subtle differences in antigens
2. diversity - recognizes billions of unique structures on Ags 3. memory - 2nd exposure gives an increased response to that Ag 4. self-nonself recognition - if don't have then you have an autoimmune disease |
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Where do B lymphocytes mature?
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bone marrow
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Exposure of a B cell to an Ag causes what?
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rapid cell division into memory and effector (plamsa) cells
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What are the major effector molecules of humoral immunity?
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soluble Ab secreted by plasma cells; aren't membrane bound
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Where are T lymphocytes produced? Where do they mature?
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produced in bone marrow; mature in thymus
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When do T cells have a surface receptor (TCR)
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when they are mature
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Exposure of a naive T cell to Ag results in what?
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rapid cell division into memory T cells and effector T cells (T-helper, Cytotoxic T cells, and suppressory T cells)
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Activation of T helper cells causes the release of what?
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cytokines that activate B-lymphocytes, cytotoxic T cells, and macrophages
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What glycoprotein marker is on the surface of T helper cells?
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CD4
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How do cytotoxic T cells kill Ag?
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directly
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What glycoprotein marker is on the surface of cytotoxic T cells?
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CD8
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What do cytotoxic T cells kill?
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virus infected, tumors, and non-self cells
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What are some characteristics of MHC I?
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1. found on all nucleated body cells
2. recognized by CD8 3. presents Ags to cytotoxic T cells 4. 1 alpha chain and beta-2 microglobulin (only the alpha chain is membrane bound) 5. can detect viral infected cells and non-self Ag 6. only identical twins have the same MHC I |
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What are some characteristics of MHC II?
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1. only expressed on APCs
2. recognized by CD4 3. presents Ags to helper T cells 4. one alpha and one beta chain (both are membrane bound) |
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Where can receptors to many hormones be found?
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B cells, T cells, and macrophages
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What are some examples of immune stimulators?
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GH, prolactin, substance P, insulin, estrogen
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What are some examples of immune suppressors?
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ACTH, VIP, enkephalins
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What is an example of active naturally acquired immunity?
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infection
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What is an example of passive naturally acquired immunity?
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Abs passed from mother to fetus (placenta or milk)
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What is an example of active artificially acquired immunity?
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vaccination with dead or attenuated pathogen
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What is an example of passive artificially acquired immunity?
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injection of immune serum (gamma globulin)
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MHC molecules are also known as what in humans?
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HLA (human leukocyte antigens)
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