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195 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is inflammation?
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a fairly stereotyped process that requires an initiating event that is survival oriented but not discerning and can cause harm to the host
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what are the classifications of inflammation?
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acute and chronic
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what are the characteristics of acute inflammation?
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immediate, early response, exudation of fluid, neutrophil is the primary cell
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what are the characteristics of chronic inflammation?
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later response, conducts tissue repair, mononuclear is the primary cell
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what are the signs of inflammation in latin?
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calor, rubor, tumor, dolor, functionalesa
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what are the signs of inflammation?
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heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function
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what is celsus the originator of?
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heat, redness, swelling, pain
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what is virchow the originator of?
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loss of function
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what is the originator of loss of function?
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virchow
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what is the originator of pain?
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celsus
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what is the originator of swelling?
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celsus
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what is the originator of redness?
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celsus
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what is the originator of heat?
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celsus
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what vascular change occur during acute inflammation?
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changes in blood flow, changes in permeability
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what changes in blood flow occur during acute inflammation?
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transient vasoconstriction, dilation of arterioles (increased blood flow through capillaries & passive congestion)
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what changes in permeability occurs during acute inflammation?
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increases as blood slows (leakage of plasma and cells into tissue), transudate (cell free, low protein, low specific gravity), exudate (cellular high protein)
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what occurs as blood slows during acute inflammation?
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increased permeability (leakage of plasma and cells into tissue)
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what is transudate?
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initial leakage of plasma; cell free, low protein, low specific gravity (<1.015)
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what is exudate?
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follows transudate; cellular, high protein, specific gravity <1.018
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what causes changes in permeability of vascular endothelium?
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direct effects (agent, damage) and indirect effects (mediate changes)
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plasma that is cell free, low protein, low specific gravity is called?
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transudate
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plasma that is cellular, high protein, high specific gravity is called?
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exudate
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what are the chemical mediators of inflammation?
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chemotactic factors and vasoactive factors
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what are vasoactive factors and chemotactic factors?
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chemical mediators of inflammation
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what are vasoactive factors?
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chemical mediators of inflammation
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what are chemotactic factors?
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chemical mediators of inflammation
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what are the names of some vasoactive factors?
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histamine, seotonin, kinins (Bradykinin), Leukotrienes (LTR4, C4, D4, F4), prostaglandins (thromboxane, PGF2, Prostacyclin, PGE2)?
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what are histamine, seotonin, kinins (Bradykinin), Leukotrienes (LTR4, C4, D4, F4), prostaglandins (thromboxane, PGF2, Prostacyclin, PGE2)?
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vasoactive factors
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what is the source of histamine?
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mast cells, basophils, platelets
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what is the source of serotonin?
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mast cells, platelets
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what is the source of kinins?
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serum kininogens
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what is the source of Leukotrienes?
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arachadonic acid (lipooxygenase path)
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what is the source of prostaglandins?
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arachadonic acid (cyclooxygenase path)
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what is the function of histamine?
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dilate microvasculature, increase permeability (contract endothelial cells)
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what is the function of serotonin?
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vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure
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what is the function of kinins?
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vasodilation, increase permeability
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what is the function of leukotrienes?
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increase permeability
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what is the function of prostaglandins?
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vasoconstriction, vasodilation
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what are LTV4, C4, Dv, E4?
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Leukotrienes (vasoactive factors)
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what are thromboxane, PGF2, Prostacyclin, PGE2)?
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prostaglandins (vasoactive factors)
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what does arachidonic acid derive from?
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cell-membrane phospholipids
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what does phospholipase A2 cleave cell-membrane phospholipids into?
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arachidonic Acid
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what cleaves cell-membrane phospholipids into arachidonic acid?
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phopholipase A2
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what derives from arachidonic acid?
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leukotrienes & prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclins
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where do leukotrienes derive from?
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arachidonic Acid
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where do prostaglandins derive from?
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arachidonic Acid
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where do thromboxanes derive from?
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arachidonic Acid
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where do prostacyclins derive from?
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arachidonic Acid
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what cleaves arachidonic acid into leukotrienes?
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lipoxygenase
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what is arachidonic acid cleaved into by lipoxygenase?
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leukotrienes
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what is arachidonic acid cleaved into by cyclooxygenases?
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prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclins
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what cleaves arachidonic acid into prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclins?
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cyclooxygenases
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what are prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclins derived from?
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arachidonic acid
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what is the affect of the arachidonic acid cascade?
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inflammation
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what is the purpose of the cellular changes during inflammation?
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to recruit neutrophils and macrophages to the lesion to eliminate initiating factor
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what activities do the cellular changes cause?
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margination and pavementing, emigration, accumulation, chemotaxis toward stimulus, phargocytosis
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what occurs after margination and pavementing?
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emigration
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what occurs after emigration?
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accumulation
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what occurs after accumulation?
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chemotaxis toward stimulus
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what occurs after chemotaxis toward stimulus?
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phagocytosis
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what occurse before phagocytosis?
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chemotaxis toward stimulus
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what occurs before emigration?
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margination and pavementing
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what occurs before accumulation?
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emigration
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what occurs before chemotaxis toward stimulus?
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accumulation
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what are chemokines?
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chemotactic cytokines & chemotactic factors
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what are the groups of chemokines?
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CC & CXC
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what property defines CC?
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two adjacent cysteines
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chemokines with two adjacent cysteines are called what?
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CC
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what property defines CXC?
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two cysteines separated by an amino acid
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chemokines with two cysteines separated by an amino acid are called what?
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CXC
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what are examples of CC?
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RANTES, MCP-1
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RANTES and MCP-1 are examples of what?
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CC chemokines
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what do CCs do?
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monocyte migration
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what are examples of CXC?
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IL8
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what do CXCs do?
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neutrophil migration and activation
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IL8 is an example of what?
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CXC chemokines
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neutrophil migration and activation are controled by what?
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CXC chemokines
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monocyte migration is controled by what?
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CC chemokines
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what do chemokines do?
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control monocyte migration, neutrophil migration and activation, and are important in margination and pavementing
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chemokines receptors do what with HIV?
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act as a co-receptor
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what is a co-receptor for HIV?
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CCR5 & CXCR4 chemokines
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CCR5 & CXCR4 are what?
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chemokines that are co-receptors for HIV
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what are the names of some chemotactic factors?
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chemokines CXC (IL8) CC (RANTES) & C5a, C567 & kallikrein & LTB4
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what is the source of chemokines CXC (IL8) & CC (RANTES)?
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many different cells
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what is the source of C5a & C567
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complement
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what is the source of kallikrein?
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serum and tissue
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what is the source of LTB4
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arachidonic acid
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arachidonic acid is the source for what chemotactic factor?
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LTB4
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serum and tissue is the source for what chemotactic factor?
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kallikrein
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complement is the source for what chemotactic factor?
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C5a & C567
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many different cells are the source for what chemotactic factor?
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Chemokines CSC (IL8) & CC (RANTES)
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what is the responding cell of chemokines CXC (IL8) & CC (RANTES)?
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neutrophils & monocytes
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what is the responding cell of C5a & C567
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neutrophils & monocytes
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what is the responding cell of kallikrein?
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neutrophils
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what is the responding cell of LTB4?
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neutrophils
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what is unique about neutrophils?
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first cell at the site; respond rapidly to chemotactic factors and are present in blood in high numbers
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what is the primary role of neutrophils?
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phagocytose and kill
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what happens to neutrophils?
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they are short lived, releasing enzymes into tissue when they die
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what cell is first at site, responds rapidy to chemotactic factors, present in high numbers in blood, phagocytoses/kills pathogens, is short lived and releases enzymes into tissue when they die?
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neutrophils
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when do macrophages respond?
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later due to responding more slowly to chemotactic factors
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what is the function of macrophages?
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destroy invaders and repair tissue
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what happens to macrophages?
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long lived
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how do white cells know where to go?
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adhesion molecules
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what do adhesin molecules do?
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important in migration, homing, cell-cell interactions
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what are the adhesion molecule families?
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selectins, vascular addressins, integrins, Ig superfamily
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selectins, vascular addressins, integrins, Ig superfamily are what?
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adhesion molecules
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what is the function of selectins?
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bind to leukocyte glycoproteins, then glycoprotein is shed. Mediate margination
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where are selectins found?
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expressed on endothelial cells
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what mediates margination by binding to leukocyte glycoproteins and then sheds the glycoprotein?
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selectins
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what selectins are there?
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P-selectin & E-selectin
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how does P-selectin function?
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expression is induced by histamine, LTB4, C5a, within minutes
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how does E-selectin function?
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expression is induced by TNFα or LPS within 4-12 hours after exposure
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what molecule's expression is induced by histamine, LTB4, C5a, within minutes?
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P-selectin
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what molecule's expression is induced by TNFα or LPS within 4-12 hours after exposure?
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E-selectin
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what occurs during margination?
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selectin-mediated adhesion is weak and allows the neutrophil to roll along the vascular endothelial surface
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what is the term for the period when selectin-mediated adhesion is weak and allows the neutrophil to roll along the vascular endothelial surface
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margination
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what is the function of integrins?
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mediate pavementing and emigration via binding (which is weak until activated by cytokines/chemokines)
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what molecule mediates pavementing and emigration?
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integrins
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integrin binding is strengthened by what?
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activation by cytokines and chemokines
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what do cytokines and chemokines do to integrins?
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activate stronger binding
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where are integrins found?
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consitutively expressed on leukocytes
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what does constitutively expressed mean?
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requires a conformation change
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what is an example of integrins?
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CD11a/CD18, CD11b/CD18, CD49a/CD29
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what is another term for CD11a/CD18?
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LFA-1
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what is another term for LFA-1?
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CD11a/CD18
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what is another term for CD49a/CD29?
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VLA4
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what is another term for VLA4?
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CD49a/CD29
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what is another term for CD11b/CD18?
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Mac-1
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what is another term for Mac-1?
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CD11b/CD18
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what is another term for CD11b/CD18?
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CR3
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what is another term for CR3?
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CD11b/CD18
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what is the basic structure of integrins?
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dimers
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where is CD11a/CD18 expressed?
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PMNs, MPs, lymphs
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Where is CD11b/CD18 expressed?
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PMNs, MPs, lymphs
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where is CD49a/CD29 expressed?
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MPs, lymphs
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what are members of the Ig superfamily?
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ICAM-1 (CD54) & VCAM (CD106)
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what are ICAM-1 and VCAM members of?
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Ig superfamily
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what are CD54 & CD106 members of?
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Ig superfamily
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what is another term for ICAM-1?
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CD54
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what is another term for VCAM?
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CD106
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what is another term for CD106?
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VCAM
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what is another term for CD54?
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ICAM-1
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where is ICAM-1 expressed?
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on endothelial cells
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what induces the expression of ICAM-1?
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TNFα, IL1, IL6
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when does ICAM-1 appear?
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4hrs after stimulation and peaks at 24 hours
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what does ICAM-1 bind to?
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CD11a/CD18 and CD11b/CD18
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what is ICAM-1 required for?
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PMN emigration
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what molecule is expressed on endothelial cells, with expression induced on TNFα, IL1, & IL6, binds to CD11a/CD18 & CD11b/CD18, and is necessary for PMN emigration?
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ICAM-1
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how is VCAM expressed?
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similar to ICAM
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what does VCAM do?
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mediates MP and lymph adhesion and emigration
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what is necessary for emigration?
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ICAM-1 & VCAM
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what are the processes in pavementing/emigration?
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rolling adhesion, tight binding, diapedesis, migration
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what are examples of inflammatory cytokines?
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Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNFα) & Interleukin 1 (IL1) & Interleukin 6 (IL6)
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what does TNFα stand for?
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tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
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what cells produce TNFα?
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MPs and T cell
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what does TNFα induce?
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cytokine production of IL1 & IL6
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what does TNFα do?
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increases adhesion molecule expression, weak pyrogen (stimulates PGE2 production in hypothalamus) and strong cachectin response
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what are TNFα molecules?
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acute phase proteins
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what makes TNFα toxic?
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high levels
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what is a pyrogen?
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something that causes fever
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what is cachetin or cachexia?
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generalized wasting syndrome associated with chronic disease
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the pyrogenic affect of TNFα is caused by?
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stimulates production of PGE2 in hypothalamus
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what is the term for causing a fever?
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pyrogenic
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what is the term for causing a generalized wasting syndrome associated with chronic disease?
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cachectin
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what cells produce Interleukin 1?
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variety
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what does IL1 stand for?
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interleukin 1
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what does IL1 do?
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induces cytokine production (IL6, IL8, TNFα), increases adhesion molecule expression, strong pyrogen, weak cachectin, tissue repair (stimulates collegenase production & fibroblast proliferation)
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how does IL1 act as a strong pyrogen?
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stimulates production of PGE2 by cells or near the hypothalamus
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how does IL1 repair tissue?
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stimulates collegenase production and stimulates fibroblast proliferation
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what type of molecul is IL1?
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acute phase proteins
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what cells produce Interleukin 6?
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MP, endothelial cells, fibroblasts
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what does IL6 stand for?
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interleukin 6
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what stimulates production of IL6?
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IL1 & TNFα
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what does IL6 do?
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induces acute phase proteins
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what are examples of sickness behaviors?
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fever, lethargy, anorexia
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how is fever caused?
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IL1, TNFα induce prostaglandin production which induces increase in body temperature
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what does fever do?
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enhances lymphocyte circulation and survival and secrete IL2
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how is lethargy caused?
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IL1 promotes production of sleep-inducing molecules
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how is anorexia caused?
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IL1 & TNFα suppress hunger centers
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what is systemic inflammation called?
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septic shock
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what causes septic shock?
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severe infections, ischemia, tissue injury
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what is ischemia?
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a re-perfusion injury
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what does septic shock do?
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excessively trigger TLR
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what does septic shock cause?
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macrophages to release cytokines, resulting in a cytokine storm
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what is a cytokine storm?
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release of IL1, TNFα, IL6, IFNγ, IL8 released simultaniously
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what do septic shock cause the synthesis of?
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prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis
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what does septic shock result in?
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vascular endothelial damage
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what animals are sensitive to septic shock?
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cat, horse, sheep, pig > dog, rodent
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what does septic shock cause In horses?
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increases in TLR4 gene expression
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what are the feature of chronic inflammation?
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mononuclear cells and connective tissue due to persistent stimulus that is accompanies by immune response that generates tissue repair and fibrosis
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how does a lesion develop in chronic inflammation?
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macrophages are recruited by chomtactive factors and phagocytose pathogens and clean dead tissue while IL1 promotes tissue repair via breakdown and fibroblast proliferation, resulting in repair, remodeling, scarring
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what are the features of granuloma?
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always chronic, predominantly macrophages that wall off initiating organism
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what are the causes of granuloma?
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persistent intracellular infections (particularly mycobacterium & brucella), fungal infections & foreign bodies
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what is the general process of acute inflammation
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initial response, hemodynamic & permeability changes to recruit cells, & predominant cell is neutrophils
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what is the general process of chronic inflammation
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long term response, predominant cell is macrophages, handles repair and remodeling and can have granulomas form
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