Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what are the tissues of the immune response?
|
primary lymphoid tissue & secondary lymphoid tissue
|
|
|
what occurs in primary lymphoid tissue?
|
lymphocytes mature into antigen-recognizing cells
|
|
|
lymphocytes mature into antigen-recognizing cells in what type of tissue?
|
primary lymphoid tissue
|
|
|
what occurs in secondary lymphoid tissue?
|
the immune response is initiated
|
|
|
in what tissue is the immune response is initiated?
|
secondary lymphoid tissue
|
|
|
what is bone marrow the source of?
|
all hematopoietic cells
|
|
|
where do all hematopoietic cells originate?
|
bone marrow
|
|
|
what can a hematopoietic stem cell differentiate into?
|
common lymphoid progenitor, common myeloid progenitor, common erythroid megakaryocyte progenitor
|
|
|
where do common lymphoid progenitor, common myeloid progenitor, and common erythroid megakaryocyte progenitor originate from?
|
hematopoietic stem cell
|
|
|
what derives from the common lymphoid progenitor?
|
B cell (bone marrow), T cell (thymus, NK cell (secondary lymphoid tissue)
|
|
|
where do the B cell, T cell, and NK cell originate from?
|
common lymphoid progenitor
|
|
|
where does the B cell come from?
|
bone marrow
|
|
|
where does the T cell come from?
|
thymus
|
|
|
where does the NK cell come from?
|
secondary lymphoid tissue
|
|
|
what does the B cell become?
|
plasma cell
|
|
|
what does the plasma cell originate from?
|
B cell
|
|
|
what does the T cell become?
|
effector T cell
|
|
|
what does the effector T cell originate from?
|
T cell
|
|
|
where does the plama cell exist?
|
secondary lymphoid tissue
|
|
|
where does the effector T cell exist?
|
secondary lymphoid tissue
|
|
|
what are the primary lymphoid tissue?
|
bone marrow, bursa of fabricius, thymus
|
|
|
what type of tissue are bone marrow, bursa of fabricius, and thymus?
|
primary lymphoid tissue
|
|
|
what occurs in bone marrow?
|
all hematopoietic cells originate and B cells mature (in mammals)
|
|
|
what occurs in the Bursa of Fabricius?
|
primary lymphoid organ in birds where B cells mature
|
|
|
where do all hematopoietic cells originate and B cells mature in mammals?
|
bone marrow
|
|
|
what is the primary lymphoid organ in birds where B cells mature?
|
bursa of fabricius
|
|
|
what occurs in the thymus?
|
T cells mature
|
|
|
where do T cells mature?
|
thymus, in the cortex, then crosses the medulla into circulation
|
|
|
what is thymic atrophy?
|
the thymus involutes with age
|
|
|
what is the term for the thymus involuting with age?
|
thymic atrophy
|
|
|
what is the secondary lymphoid tissue?
|
lymph nodes and spleen and mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
|
|
|
what type of tissue are lymph nodes and spleen?
|
secondary lymphoid tissue
|
|
|
what is the function of secondary lymphoid tissue?
|
Trap Ag
|
|
|
what is the function of lymph nodes?
|
Trap Ag from lymph
|
|
|
where do lymphocytes circulate through the lymph nodes?
|
blood via high endothelial venules to LN, cortical to paracortical medullary sinus, efferent lymphatics, re-enter circulation via thoracic duct
|
|
|
what does LN stand for?
|
lymph node
|
|
|
what does HEV stand for?
|
high endothelial venules
|
|
|
what is the function of the spleen?
|
trap Ag from blood
|
|
|
what is the lymphocyte circulation through the spleen?
|
trabecular artery to central arteriol, then marginal sinus to trabecular vein
|
|
|
what does MALT stand for?
|
mucosal associated lymphoid tissue
|
|
|
what is MALT?
|
aggregates of lymphoid tissue throughout submucosal tissue
|
|
|
how is MALT named?
|
based on location
|
|
|
what is the name for MALT in the bronchus?
|
BALT
|
|
|
what is the name for MALT in the gut?
|
GALT
|
|
|
what is the name for MALT in the small intestine?
|
Peyers Patches
|
|
|
what is the general term for aggregates of lymphoid tissue throughout submucosal tissue
|
MALT
|
|
|
what is the function of MALT?
|
trap Ag at mucosal surfaces, mount immune response to mucosal Ag, use M cells to transport Ag across mucosal surface
|
|
|
what are differences in avian immune tissues?
|
have a bursa of fabricius, lack lymph nodes and have lymphoid aggregates
|
|
|
what animals have a bursa of fabricius, lack lymph nodes, and have lymphoid aggregates?
|
avian
|
|
|
what are differences in ruminants immune tissues?
|
hemal nodes (without lymphatics) in addition to lymph nodes
|
|
|
what animals have hemal nodes in addition to lymph nodes?
|
ruminants
|
|
|
what are differences in swine immune tissues?
|
lymph nodes are inverted with cortex at center, medulla under the capsule, afferent lymphatics at hilus and efferet at periphery
|
|
|
what animals have inverted lymph nodes?
|
swine
|
|
|
what is the structure of a lymphocyte?
|
small round cells, eccentric nucleus with little cytoplasm, cannot distinguish T vs B cells morphologically
|
|
|
what are large granular lymphocytes?
|
azurophilic granules in natural killer (NK) cells
|
|
|
what are CD molecules?
|
cluster determinant cell surface molecules which are identified by an antibody, with over 200 known but functions aren't all known
|
|
|
what does CD stand for?
|
cluster determinant
|
|
|
what are CDs used for?
|
distinguish different subsets of cells such as lymphocytes that cannot be distinguished morphologically
|
|
|
what are T lymphocytes?
|
cells that mature in the thymus
|
|
|
what is a CD3+?
|
a T cell marker
|
|
|
how does thymic maturation occur?
|
immature CD3-4-8- double-negative thymocytes become immature CD3+4+8+ double-positive thymocytes become mature CD4+8- and CD4-8+ thymocytes
|
|
|
what CDs are found in T lymphocytes?
|
CD3+, CD4+, CD8+
|
|
|
T lymphocytes with CD4+ are what type of cell?
|
T helper cell
|
|
|
T lymphocytes with CD8+ are what type of cell?
|
cytotoxic cell
|
|
|
T helper cells have what CD marker?
|
CD4+
|
|
|
cytotoxic cells have what CD marker?
|
CD8+
|
|
|
60-85% of circulating lymphocytes have what CD marker?
|
CD4:CD8 normally 2:1 to 4:1
|
|
|
what are the CD markers of B lymphocytes?
|
CD19+, CD21+, CD79+
|
|
|
what do B lymphocytes do?
|
produce antibody, act as antigen presenting cells, mature in bone marrow, and found in lympoid tissue
|
|
|
what are plasma cells?
|
the end result of Ag-driven B cell maturation that produces large amount of Ab, is short lived and do not circulate (found in bone marrow)
|
|
|
what are natural killer cells?
|
neither T nor B cells; they kill tumor cells and virus infected cells as part of the innate response with a base line activity secreting IFNγ which plays a role in activating acquired response
|
|
|
what are neutrophils?
|
polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte with multilobed nucleus, primary granules of vactericidal enzymes and secondary granules of iron binding proteins
|
|
|
what does PMN stand for?
|
polymorphonuclear leukocyte
|
|
|
where are neutrophils found?
|
mature in bone marrow, it is an end-stage cell that does not divide and has bands of immature PMN's that lack the multi-lobed nucleus
|
|
|
what do neutrophils do?
|
enter circulation and move to tissue
|
|
|
what is the lifespan of a neutrophil?
|
very short; there is a large reserve of mature cells in bone marrow that can be mobilized quickly if needed, but if need outstrips demand causing circulating bands
|
|
|
what is the species distribution of neutrophils?
|
carnivores 60-70%, ruminants 20-30%, horses 50%
|
|
|
what is the function of neutrophils?
|
to phagocytose and destroy foreign material
|
|
|
what is the function of neutrophils?
|
chemotaxis, adherence, phagocytosis, killing
|
|
|
how do neutrophils use chemotaxis?
|
chemotaxis to migrate along a concentration gradient by responding to chemotactic factors that originate from host tissues and bacteria
|
|
|
how do neutrophils use adherence?
|
to antibodies and complement via opsonins, and Fc receptors and C3b receptors via receptor mediated adherence
|
|
|
how do neutrophils use phagocytosis?
|
act as phagosome and via fusion with lysosomal granules to form phagolysosome
|
|
|
what do neutrophils kill with?
|
acidification, toxic oxygen-derived products, toxic nitrogen oxides, antimicrobial peptides, enzymes, competitors
|
|
|
how do neutrophils kill?
|
not 'repeat killers' but die at the site of inflammation, defects in function can occur anywhere along the pathway, and result in recurrent bacterial infections
|
|
|
what is the structure of monocytes?
|
round cell with abundant cytoplasm and indented nucleus
|
|
|
where are monocytes located?
|
originate in bone marrow, is a circulating cell, and about 5% of blood leukocytes
|
|
|
what is the structure of macrophages?
|
variety of shapes with ruffled edges
|
|
|
where are macrophages located?
|
in tissue, from monocytes that migrated from circulation
|
|
|
what is unique about macrophages?
|
they are long lived, but we don't know if they are end stage
|
|
|
what is the mononuclear phagocytic system?
|
MPs are scattered throughout the body in organs with high blood supply and named in particular organs
|
|
|
what are histiocytes?
|
MPs in the connective tissue
|
|
|
what is the term for MPs in the connective tissue?
|
histiocytes
|
|
|
what are Kupffer cells
|
MPs in the liver
|
|
|
what is the term for MPs in the liver?
|
kupffer cells
|
|
|
what are alveolar
|
MPs in the lung
|
|
|
what is the term for MPs in the lung?
|
alveolar
|
|
|
what are microglia?
|
MPs in the brain
|
|
|
what is the term for MPs in the brain?
|
microglia
|
|
|
what is the function of macrophage?
|
trapping of foreign material; they are highly phagocytic but receptor mediated and are repeat killers that enter the site, do their job, and leave and they secrete cytokines that are inflammatory (IL1, IL6, TNFα) and trigger an immune response (IL12, IFNγ), cytokine secretion for inflammatory (IL1, IL6, TNFα) and immune (IL12, IFNγ) response and wound healing
|
|
|
what is the activation of macrophages?
|
resting macrophage to inflammatory macrophage to activated macrophage
|
|
|
what triggers the change of an inflammatory macrophage to an activated macrophage?
|
immune response CD4 cell
|
|
|
what occurs when a resting macrophage becomes inflammatory macrophage?
|
increased lysosomal enzymes and phagocytosis
|
|
|
what occurs when a macrophage is activated?
|
increased size, movement, phagocytosis, lysosomal enzymes and bactericidal activity
|
|
|
how do macrophages function in wound healing?
|
tissue breakdown (proteases, elastase, plasminogen activator, fibroblasts making collagenase) and tissue remodeling (control of synthesis of collagen, angiogenic factors, growth factors making fibroblasts)
|
|
|
what are macrophages unique overarching purpose?
|
link innate resistance to acquired immunity
|
|
|
how do macrophages link innate resistance to acquired immunity?
|
act as an APC after phagocytosis, secretes cytokines critical to CMI (IL12, TNFα, IFNγ) and activated macrophages acquired response necessary for development and are critical for clearance of certain pathogens
|
|
|
what are eosinophils?
|
cells that circulate for a short time before moving to tissue in response to parasitic infections, and are pro-inflammatory with granules that stain with eosin
|
|
|
what are mast cells?
|
large cytoplasmic granules that stain with toluidine blue, are found in connective tissue, cause allergic reactions and provide resistance to parasites
|
|
|
what are basophils?
|
very few present, pro-inflammatory with granules htat stain with basophilic dyes
|
|
|
what are dendritic cells?
|
star shaped throught body tissues, they pick up Ag, taking it to the draining LN, and become APCs
|
