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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define antigen
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Any substance that may be specifically bound by an antibody molecule or a T cell receptor
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Define immunogen
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Antigen that stimulates an immune response
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3 Characteristics of immunogens
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1. Big (>10,000d)
2. Complex 3. Foreign |
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Define haptens
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Antigenic determinants that bind to effector cells, but do not activate them
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Define Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPS)
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Conserved molecules produced only by microbes and not by host organisms
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Define adjuvants
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Substances used to enhance the immune response to any immunogen. Work by delayed release of antigen
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Antigens (immunogens) express:
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Antigenic determinants (epitopes) which are specific and often cross-reactive
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What are the compositions of some common adjuvants?
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Oil in water, with mycobacteria, aluminum hydroxide gel, matrix of lipid micelles
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Define antibodies
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A class of heterogeneous serum glycoproteins that are 82-96% protein, 4-18% carbohydrate
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Which antibodies are in the gamma fraction? The beta fraction?
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Gamma: IgG
Beta: IgM and IgA |
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Model of IgG:
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L chains are covalently attached to H chains, and H chains are covalenty attached by S-S bonds
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The enzyme papain breaks antibodies into:
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2 Fab fragments and 1 Fc fragment
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Define multiple myeloma
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A disease in which one particular immunoglobulin-producing cell (B cell) divides over and over so that the patient has an enormous number of identical B cells>>miligram quantities of immunoglobulins
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What are the five classes of immunoglobulins
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IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE
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In man, how many subclasses does IgG have?
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4
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How many subclasses does IgA have?
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2
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Define allotypes
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Inherited differences on Ig molecules, not associated with the antibody-combining site
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Define idiotypes
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Unique structures on a single antibody molecule which represent a unique amino acid sequence in or close to the antibody combining site
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What are the characteristics of the hinge region
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High in proline, contains most of the cysteines involved in disulfide bonds; important in flexibility of the molecule
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How many domains does the IgG monomer contain?
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12, each ~110aa long and contains an intrachain disulfide bond. These domains are the fundamental units of the immunoglobulin molecule
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Characteristics of IgG
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Systemic immunity (Peripheral immune system). Only class of antibody that can cross placenta; therefore, important in passive immunity of the neonate
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Characteristics of IgA
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Mucosal Immunity (Mucosal immune system). Body secretions. IgA1 in serum, IgA2 in secrections
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Characteristics of IgM
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Macroglobulin; 12% carbohydrate; occurs as pentamer, no hinge region; monomer on the cell surface of B cells (antigen-specific receptor)
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Characteristics of IgD
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Acts as an antigen-specific receptor on B cells
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Characteristics of IgE
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Responsible for immediate hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis; binds to receptor on Mast cells
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