Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Which of the following muscles is supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve?
A. Triceps Brachii B. Biceps Brachii C. Pectoralis D. Serratus Ventralis E. All |
The M. Biceps Brachii is supplied by the musculotcutaneous nerve
|
|
|
M. Adductor and M. Gracilis are innervated by the
A. Gluteal nerves B. Sciatic nerves C. Obturator nerves D. Tibial nerve E. Femoral nerve |
The M. Adductor and M. Gracilis are innervated by the obturator nerves
|
|
|
Surfactants are produced by
|
Type II Pneumoctyes
|
|
|
What percentage of carbon dioxide travels bound to hemoglobin in the erythrocyte?
|
23%
|
|
|
What antibody contributes to allergic responses?
|
IgE (entibody)
|
|
|
Describe discoid lupus erythematosus
|
Discoid lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disorder in dogs in which the immune system attacks the epidermis and stratum basale, forming skin lesions on the body.
|
|
|
Which cells contain Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class I? Where is it presented?
|
Peptides from endogenously synthesized proteins are presented on the surface of the cell made from old recycled peptides, basis of graft rejection
|
|
|
What is a MHC Class I cell made of?
|
Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Alpha 3, and Beta microglobulin create the MHC Class I cell.
|
|
|
What cells carry Class II Major Histocompatability Complex cells?
|
Antigen presenting cells carry Class II MHC cells and produce them from phagocytosis of particles and pathogens
|
|
|
How long will it take for an allograft to be rejected? What is an allograph?
|
An allograph (graft from one animal of the same species to another) takes 1-2 weeks to be rejected by the recipient.
|
|
|
The innate immune response encourages chemotaxis of what cells to the site of inflammation?
|
Neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, and basophils are drawn to the site of inflammation in the innate immune response.
|
|
|
True or False: The innate immune responders can attack the bacterial cell wall directly
|
True, The innate immune responders can attack the bacterial cell wall directly
|
|
|
What are mast cells? What important chemical do they contain?
|
Mast cells are relatives of basophils but are found in tissues. They both contain histamine.
|
|
|
Define opsonization
|
Opsonization is the coating of the bacterial cell with the complement so its death can be facilitated by antibodies and
|
|
|
What cells are considered phagocytic?
|
Neutrophils and macrophages (monocytes, kupffer cells) are considered phagocytic
|
|
|
What is a pyrogen?
|
A pyrogen is a cytokine that causes a fever
|
|
|
What are interferons?
|
Interferons are cytokines that signal between immune cells
|
|
|
What are natural killer cells?
|
Natural killer cells are specialists lymphocytes but do not focus on any particular pathogen so they're considered innate
|
|
|
What is the most abundant specific immune response cell type?
|
Lymphocytes are the most abundant immune response type
|
|
|
What are the responsibilities of the lymphocyte?
|
The lympocyte must recognize antigens, produce antibodies for the blood plasma, cytotoxically attack infected cells, remember pathogens and regulate
|
|
|
What is the goal of B cells
|
B cells make antibodies
|
|
|
What are antigen presenting cells?
|
Macrophages and dendritic cells are antigen presenting cells and are surveyed by Helper T Cells
|
|
|
About how many different types of T cell receptors and B cell receptors are there?
|
There are about 2.5 x 10^7 different types of T cell receptors and B cell receptors
|
|
|
Is the thymus more active in younger or older animals?
|
The thymus is more active in younger animals
|
|
|
Where are white cells produced?
|
White blood cells are produced in the bone marrow
|
|
|
What is the success rate of T cell "boot camp"?
|
About 50% of T cells survive thymus boot camp.
|
|
|
What does Ig stand for? What is its main function?
|
Immunoglobulin (Ig) binds to antigens and exposes them to phagocytic cells
|
|
|
Which immunoglobulin is used in blood typing?
|
IgM is used in blood typing
|
|
|
Which immunoglobulin is the most abundant type in circulation? What is their purpose?
|
The most abundant type of cell is IgG, and they are more specialized for protection against bacteria and viruses. They provide passive immunity for newborns.
|
|
|
Where is IgA found? What does it do?
|
IgA is associated with mucous membranes as part of a secretory barrier and provides localized protection against bacteria and viruses
|
|
|
Which immunoglobulin will protect against parasites?
|
IgE protects against parasites in addition to allergic responses
|
|
|
Which immunoglobulin is first produced by plasma cells when exposed to an antigen and contributes to natural antibodies?
|
IgM is the first immunoglobulin produced by the plasma cells in response to antigen exposure
|
|
|
What is the humoral response?
|
The humoral response is the antibody production by lymphocytes of the specific immune response
|
|
|
What is the MHC Class II cell made up of?
|
The MHC Class II cell is made up of Beta 1 and 2 and Alpha 1 and 2
|
|
|
Where does B Cell Clonal Expansion occur?
|
B Cell Clonal Expansion occurs in the spleen and the lymph nodes
|
|
|
What are the products of Clonal Expansion?
|
B Cells create memory cells and plasma cells producing antibodies against a specific pathogen as a result of clonal expansion
|
|
|
What are the functions of the red pulp of the liver?
|
The red pulp of the liver removes old red blood cells and is a reservoir for red blood cells in case of sudden need for blood
|
|
|
What are tonsils, and where are they located?
|
Tonsils are unencapsulated aggregates of lymph nodes and lack afferent lymphatic vessels. They are invaginations or crypts that increase the surface to make contact with antigens, and they are located in the mucous membranes of the pharynx, prepuce, vagina, and submucosa of the intestinal tract.
|
|
|
For what do Cytotoxic T Cells look?
|
Cytotoxic T Cells look for MHC Class I proteins
|
|
|
What do T Helper Cells do?
|
They confirm the presence of an antigen with the B Cells. After confirmation, they call in the Cell Cells to produce T Memory cells
|
|
|
What is interleukin-2?
|
Interleukin-2 is a cytokine used by T cells to interact with B cells to promote their development
|
|
|
What are the types of antigens used for a vaccine?
|
The types of vaccines include modified live virus recombinant products, inactivated viruses, and synthetic viruses.
|
|
|
What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?
|
The lymphatic system drains lipids, and in doing so, brings antigens into contact with immune cells
|
|
|
What is the thoracic duct? From where does it come and to where does it go?
|
The thoracic duct transports lymph from the intestines and hind limb to the jugular vein so that pathogens don't get into the blood stream
|
|
|
What are the features of the lymph node?
|
The lymph node consists of sinuses, nodules, and the deep cortex
|
|
|
What are the lymph node sinuses and what is their function?
|
The lymph node sinuses are made of loose connective tissue and cells, and lymph flows through these sinuses
|
|
|
What is special about the lymph node nodules?
|
The lymph node nodules are the site of B cell clonal expansion
|
|
|
What is special about the lymph node deep cortex?
|
The lymph node deep cortex is the site of T cell proliferation and communication with dendritic cells
|
|
|
Why is the spleen's white pulp white?
|
The spleen's white pulp is white because of the large volume of lymphatic nodules.
|
|
|
Where can B and T cells be found in abundance, as well as a large population of immune cells from the blood?
|
The spleen's white pulp contains an abundance of B and T cells
|
|
|
What is splenomegaly?
|
Splenomegaly is the enlargement of the spleen
|
|
|
Memory cells that remember antigens are types of
A. macrophages B dendritic cells c. lymphocytes d. neutrophils e. all of the above |
Memory cells that remember antigens are types of lymphocytes
|
|
|
Natural killer cells are a type of
A. granulocyte b. monocyte c. lymphocyte d. none of the above |
Natural killer cells are a type of lymphocyte
|
|
|
Viral antigens are expressed by which cells?
|
Viral antigens are expressed by any cell that can express MHC Class I.
|
|
|
Which cells express MHC Class I?
|
All nucleated cells express MHC class I
|
|
|
Which cell can recognize free antigens?
|
B cells can recognize free antigens
|
|
|
What is isotype switch, and when does it occur?
|
During clonal expansion, the B cells will convert into antibody producing plasma cells in a process known as isotype switch
|
