Immunology Exam Ii - Parasites

Front 1

1. What organism are the arrows pointing to in the above picture?
2. What is the reservoir?
3. Where is it found?
4. How is it spread?

Back 1

1. Entamoeba Histolytica
2. Humans - Asymptomatic Carriers
3. Tropical and Subtropical Regions w/ poor sanitation and contaminated water --> Lower socioeconomic status
4. Ingestion of cysts in contaminated food/water

Front 2

1. What organism is pictured?
2. What form is this and what part of pathogenesis is it responsible for?
3. Describe the morphology.
4. How do your treat this?

Back 2

1. Entamoeba Histolytica
2. Cyst Form - Infectious Form
3. 1-4 Nuclei
4. Metronidazole

Front 3

1. What organism is pictured?
2. What form is this and what part of pathogenesis is it responsible for?
3. Describe the morphology.
4. What is the lifespan of this form?

Back 3

1. Entamoeba Histolytica
2. Tropozoite Form - Responsible for tissue pathology
3. Amorphous Shape, 15-30microns
4. A few hours

Front 4

1. What is the lifecycle for Entamoeba Hystolitica?
2. How is it Diagnosed?
3. What does it cause if it goes into circulation?

Back 4

1. Ingestion of cysts by Human
2. Stomach acid stimulates Tropozoite release
3. Tropozoites released in duodenum
4. Division via Binary Fission - can cause pathology in the colon
5. Colonize Colon surface using Galactose-Inhibitable Adherence Protein
6. Breakdown of Mucous barrier, tissue, and ECM
7. CYTOTOXIN lyses Neutrophils and Epithelium --> Inflammation
8. Can invade mucosa and go into circulation. If not, they are passed in the feces
Diagnosis by finding cysts and tropozoites in the feces
If in Circulation --> Peritoneal Abscess or Liver, Lung, Brain, Heart involvement

Front 5

1. What is the black arrow pointing to and what organism causes this?
2. What are the 5 possible outcomes of infection?
3. Why does this get into your liver?

Back 5

1. Flask-shaped ulceration of the colon caused by the cytotoxin of Entamoeba Histolytica

2a. Amebiasis (Dysentery) - Localized destruction in the colon --> Bloody Diarrhea and Colitis

2b. Extraintestinal Amoebiasis --> Fever, Leukocytosis, Rigors

2c. Liver Involvement --> Hepatomegaly, Abscesses

2d. Pseudoappendicitis

2e. Asymptomatic --> Carrier

3. Tropozoites in the blood are removed as they pass through the liver

Front 6

1. What organism is this?
2. Describe the morphology.
3. What forms does it take on?
4. Where is this found most often?
5. What are its hosts?

Back 6

1. Giardia Lamblia
2a. Tear-drop shape
2b. 4 flagella
2c. 2 nuclei w/ central Karyosomes --> look like eyeballs
2d. Adhesion disc on Ventral Side

3. Cyst and Tropozoite forms

4. Streams, Lakes, Mountain Resorts

5. Beavers and Muscrats

Front 7

1. What organism is this?
2. Describe the morphology.
3. How does it move?
4. What populations are at risk?

Back 7

1. Giardia Lamblia

2a. Teardrop shape
2b. Ventral Sucker
2c. 4 flagella
2d. 2 nuclei with central Karyosomes that look like eyeballs

3. Flying Leaf Motility

4. Campers, Hikers, Daycare Centers, Places with poor sanitation

Front 8

1. What organism is this and describe the morphology.
2. Where does this rate among parasites in the US?
3. How is this transmitted/what is it's life cycle?

Back 8

1. Giardia Lamblia - Teardrop shaped, 4 flagella, 2 nuclei with central Karyosomes (eyeballs), and Ventral sucker
2. MOST COMMON PARASITE IN THE US
3a. Ingestion of cysts (fecal-oral)
3b. Gastric acid --> Excystation
3c. Release of Tropozoites in Duodenum and Jejunum
3d. Binary Fission Replication
3e. Ventral sucking disc sticks to intestinal villi --> Fat malabsorption
3f. Tropozoite absorbs nutrients via Pinocytosis
3g. Tropozoites and Cysts passed in feces

Front 9

1. What is this? Describe the morphology.
2. What are the possible symptoms of infection?
3. How is this diagnosed?
4. How is it treated?

Back 9

1. Giardia Lamblia - Teardrop, 4 flagella, 2 nuclei w/ central Karyosomes (eyeballs), and ventral sucker

2a. Asymptomatic --> Carrier
2b. Diarrhea and/or GI manifestation
2c. Steatorrhea from fat malabsorption
2d. Blood and Pus (RARE)

3. Diagnosed --> Stool samples and microscopy

4. Treat w/ Metronidazole

Front 10

1. What organism is this and what form is it in?
2. Describe the morphology of this form
3. Describe the pathogenesis
4. How is this diagnosed?
5. How is this treated?

Back 10

1. Balantidium Coli - Tropozoite

2. Ovoid, Covered w/ Cilia --> Fuzzy appearance

3a. Fecal-oral transmission
3b. Causes ab pain and tenderness, Anorexia
3c. If invasive --> Bloody stools and pus
4. Cysts and Tropozoites in stool
5. Metronidazole OR Tetracycline

Front 11

1. What form of what organism is this?
2. Describe the morphology
3. What are the reservoirs?
4. What population is at risk for this?

Back 11

1. Balantidium Coli - Cyst form

2. Spherical w/ distinctive cell wall

3. Pigs (100% infected), cows, horse, monkeys

4. Farmers

Front 12

1. What organism is this?
2. What form is it in?
3. Who is most at-risk for this and why?

Back 12

1. Balantidium Coli
2. Tropozoite form - Ovoid w/ Cilia (Fuzzy Appearance)
3. Farmers are at risk b/c 100% of pigs are infected

Front 13

1. What organism is this?
2. What stage is this in and how can you tell?
3. Describe the pathogenesis.

Back 13

1. Cryptosporidium Parvum -
2. Sporozoite - Sticks to Intestinal epithelium

3a. Ingestion of Oocyst (fecal-oral)
3b. Excystation in GI tract
3c. Sporozoites attach to intestinal epithelium
3d. Sticks straw in and sucks nutrients out
3e. Wraps cell membrane around itself (Like Sleeping Bag)
3f. Asexual Repro --> Schizogeny/Merogeny
3e. Sexual Repro --> Gametogeny (Micro/Macrogamonts = M/F) - Fertilization of Macrogamonts
3f. Oocysts produced and either autoinfect or are excreted

Front 14

1. What organism is this?
2. What stage is it in and how can you tell?
3. Where are these found and why are we still exposed to it?
4. What population is this fatal in?
5. How does it get nutrients?

Back 14

1. Cryptosporidium Parvum

2. Oocyst Stage - Thick walled and Acid Fast

3. In water - Runoff into municipal supply and resistant to purification via Chlorine

4. Immunocompromised

5. Sporozoite form uses a straw to suck nutrients from intestinal epithelium

Front 15

1. What organism is this?
2. What form is it in and how can you tell?
3. What does this cause in Immunocompetent people?
4. What does this cause in Immunocompromised people?
5. What population is this seen most in?
6. How do you diagnose it?

Back 15

1. Cryptosporidium Parvum
2. Oocyst - thick walled and acid fast
3. Competent - Mild/Perfuse Watery Diarrhea w/ Vomiting and Malabsorption (Self-limiting Gastroenteritis)
4. Compromised - Cholera-like diarrhea and dehydration
5. Seen in HIV patients
6. Acid Fast Stain or Immunofluorescence

Front 16

1. What organism is this and what form is it in?
2. How can you tell what form this is? What other form is there?
3. What population is at risk for this?
4. What are the clinical signs of this infection?
5. How is it diagnosed and treated?

Back 16

1. Isospora Belli - Oocyst
2. Oocysts are elliptical in shape. The other form is Coccidia
3. HIV/Immunosuppressed
4. Malabsorption and Hemorrhagic, Severe Diarrhea
5a. Diagnosis: Acid Fast Stain of the Stool for cysts.
5b. Treatment: TMP-SMX

Front 17

1. What organism is this?
2. Describe the morphology.
3. What form is this in?
4. How is this transmitted?
5. What infection are carriers of this at increased risk for?

Back 17

1. Trichomonas Vaginitis

2. Flagellate protozoa with and Undulating membrane and lashing flagella for motility

3. Tropozoite - ONLY SEEN AS A TROPOZOITE

4a. STD - In urethra, prostate, vagina
4b. Mechanical irritation and inflammation through microulcerations of tissues by flagella

5. HIV b/c of microulcerations caused by flagella

Front 18

1. What is this symptom and what causes it?
2. What else does this organism cause?
3. What is the pH here?
4. How is this diagnosed?
5. How is this treated?

Back 18

1. Strawberry Cervix (inflammation, irritation, sores) - Trichomonas Vaginitis

2a. Vulvar itching and burning
2b. Frothy skin discharge
2c. Rancid odor
2d. Dysuria, Dyspaneuria

3. Vaginal pH goes above 4.5

4a. Tropozoites Corkscrew motility in Methylene Blue
4b. Microscopic Exam of Discharge for Tropozoites
4c. Vaginal pH test (>4.5)

5. Metronidazole