Immunology Exam.

Front 1

The tendency of two or more oscillating bodies to lock into place, so that they vibrate in harmony is refferred to as:

Back 1

Entrainment

Front 2

Fill in the blank in this Einstein quote: "The _____ is the sole governing agency of the particle."

Back 2

Field

Front 3

All of these are cardinal signs of infection, EXCEPT:A. Antibodies in the bloodB. HeatC. SwellingD. Redness

Back 3

A. Antibodies in the blood

Front 4

What is the coating of cells and toxins with molecular markers that attract and activate immune cells called?A. ImmobilizationB. Antibody-dependant activationC. OpsonizationD. Cell-mediated immunity

Back 4

C. Opsonization

Front 5

Which of the following molecules direct macrophages to sites of infection?A. SelectinB. ComplementC. ChemokineD. Cytokine

Back 5

Chemokine.

Front 6

Which of the following processes is primarily responsible for creating lymph?A. DiffusionB. OsmosisC. Blood PressureD. Muscle Contraction

Back 6

C. Blood pressure

Front 7

Which cell type lines the blood vessles and lymphatic vessels?A. Endothelial CellsB. Mast CellsC. MonocytesD. Fibroblasts

Back 7

A. Endothelial Cells

Front 8

Which of the following is the MOST important deterrent of infection?A. AntibodiesB. ComplementC. MacrophagesD. Skin

Back 8

D. Skin

Front 9

Which of the following cell types represents 70% of the white blood cell production and have a life span of about 5 days?A. APC CellsB. MacrophagesC. Natural Killer CellsD. Neutrophils

Back 9

D. Neutrophils

Front 10

Specialized cells of the Adaptive Immune System include which of the following?A. LymphocytesB. MacrophagesC. Natural Killer CellsD. Neutrophils

Back 10

A. Lymphocytes

Front 11

When the energy waves of two resonant (vibrational) signals cancel each other out, this process is referred to as ______

Back 11

Destructive Interference

Front 12

What is the membrane's most abundant molecular component, the one that provides for the membrane's basic structure?

Back 12

Phospholipids

Front 13

The composition of a chromosome is 50% DNA. What types of molecules comprise the remained of the chromosome?

Back 13

Protein.

Front 14

The specific scientific field that studies the mechanisms by which environmental signals control both cell behaviour AND gene activity is celled?

Back 14

Signal transduction

Front 15

The image above is a drawing of a dissected cell. What is the specific cell process represented by A?

Back 15

Epigentics

Front 16

Above is an illustration, at the molecular level, of a section of the cell membrane containing a "perception" switch that responds to the "signal" illistrated in Fig.1 (the dissected cell). What is the function of the molecule labeled A?

Back 16

Read environmental signals

Front 17

Blood pressure causes plasma to leak out of the capillary at its arterial end. What physical process is responsible for recovering most of the extravasated fluid at the capillary's end?

Back 17

Osmosis

Front 18

What is the process by which a methyl chemical group is added to DNA to silence a gene?

Back 18

Epigenetics (methylation)

Front 19

Which of the following processes is used to splice a variet of gene modules together into a single antibody molecule?A. RecombinationB. Somatic HypermutationC. Class switchingD. Diversity

Back 19

A. Recombination

Front 20

Indentify the region on the illustrated antibody molecule that determines its immunoglobulin class:A. AB. BC. CD. D

Back 20

C. C

Front 21

Blood pressure causes plasma to leak out of the capillary at its arterial end. What physical process is responsible for recovering most of the extravasated fluid at the capillary's end?

Back 21

Osmosis

Front 22

Name the antibody: - Has a clip protein on it --> the clip resists acid and enzyme breakdown --> it is also responsible for allowing this antibody to leave the body (tears, urine, etc.)- Fc does NOT bind to complement C1

Back 22

Dimeric IgA

Front 23

Name the antibody: - From mother's milk- Does not get digested in babies gut- Part of passive immunization of baby

Back 23

IgA

Front 24

What is a mast cell?

Back 24

It contains histamine and also other toxins against parasites.

Front 25

What is antibody class switching?

Back 25

A cytokine is specific to the type of inflammation and will decide what type of antibody will be made.

Front 26

What is a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)?

Back 26

- Allows the body to know if a cell is self or not- Two types of MHC

Front 27

What does MHC I do?

Back 27

Identifies marker --> found on almost all cells that are yours except for RBCs.

Front 28

What does MHC II do?

Back 28

It is on specialized cells that will engage the adaptive immune system --> mechanism in certain cells that will find out what is invading.

Front 29

How does MHC I work?

Back 29

- MHC receptors display peices of protein --> find this protein from inside the cell.

Front 30

What is a proteasome?

Back 30

It has a catalytic chamber that breaks down protein into fragments that become part of the MHC I receptor.

Front 31

What is MHC I made up of?

Back 31

- Made up of two parts beta2-macroglobulin (the same for all) AND alpha-chain (variable for all people)- Have 3 genes to make the alpha chain (HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C)- Co-dominant polygenic expression (3 genes x 2 = 6)- Present on almost all body cells.

Front 32

How does MHC II work and what is it made up of?

Back 32

- Only present on APCs (antigen presenting cells)- Present antigens to immune cells that carry out the response (3 types)- Has two genes an alpha-chain and beta-chain (HLA-DR, HLA-DP, HLA-DQ)- Also has peptide fragments but they are from OUTSIDE (from the matrix) --> MHC II is reading external proteins whearas MHC I is reading internal proteins.

Front 33

MHC II (on APCs) presents antigens to 3 immune cell types that carry out the response. What are they?

Back 33

1) Dendritic cells2) Activated macrophages3) Activated B cells.

Front 34

The specific molecular process by which regulatory cytokines rearrange the Fc portions of antibody molecules to create 5 different classes of antibodies is called:

Back 34

Recombination.

Front 35

Which of the five classes of antibody molecules CANNOT activate the complement cascade?

Back 35

IgD

Front 36

What is the approximate life span of a neutrophil in the blood?

Back 36

5 days

Front 37

When the complement cascade is initiated by the spontaneous cleavage of C3 proteins, its activation is specifically referred to as the:

Back 37

alternate pathway.

Front 38

Identify two factors on the cell membrane of your own cells that protect them from damages inflicted by the complement cascade:

Back 38

1) Decay accelerating factor2) Protectin

Front 39

Six hours after the onset of an infection, endothelial cells in the vicinity of the inflammation begin to express __ receptors on their surface.

Back 39

Selectin

Front 40

Protein fragments displayed by MHC II receptors are originally found in the:1) Mitochondrion2) Nucleus3) ER4) Extracellular matrix

Back 40

Extracellular matrix.

Front 41

MHC I receptors are found on all of the following cells except:1) Liver cells2) RBCs3) Smooth muscle cells4) Skeletal muscle cells

Back 41

RBCs

Front 42

The Fc portion of an activated IgA antibody cannot initiate a complement cascade because it is unable to activate a specific complement protein. Name this complement peptide:

Back 42

C1

Front 43

Identify the genetic process that shapes a "loose-fitting" antibody into a perfect complement (fit) with its antigen:

Back 43

Affinity maturation

Front 44

Name the specific type of immune cell that use Fas ligands to kill virus infected cells:

Back 44

Cytotoxic T-cell

Front 45

Identify the cell that has a 5-day life span and secretes two thousand or more antibody molecules per second:

Back 45

Plasma cells

Front 46

Identify the specific cell type that displays complement-antigen complexes in a lymph node:

Back 46

Follicular dendritic cells (FDC)

Front 47

In which of the following lymph node locations do cells experience affinity maturation and class-switching?1) Sinus2) Region around HEVs3) Medullary cord4) Germinal center

Back 47

Germinal center

Front 48

Name the organ in which CD4+/CD8+ double positive lymphocytes are found:

Back 48

Thymus

Front 49

Name a specific cell type that will bond with a lymphocyte that possesses CD4 receptors on its surface:

Back 49

APC

Front 50

hich of the following cell types is attracted by a chemokine released by follicular dendritic cells (FDCs)?1) Antigen presenting cells (APCs)2) Cytotoxic T-cells3) Naive B-cells4) Activated macrophages

Back 50

Naive B-cells

Front 51

Which specific immune system cell is directed by chemokines to migrate to HEV vessels in the lymph node?1) Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs)2) APCs in thymic medulla3) Activated macrophages4) Dendritic APC

Back 51

Dendritic APC

Front 52

Which of the following represents the collection of transducer proteins found in a T-cell Receptor Complex?1) CD32) CD43) CD84) CD40

Back 52

CD3

Front 53

An IgM-secreting plasma cell will class-switch to produce which of the following antibody types in fighting bacterial infection surrounding a splinter in the thumb:1) IgA2) IgG3) IgD4) IgE

Back 53

IgG

Front 54

Which of the following represents a "primary lymphoid organ?"1) Tonsil2) Lymph node3) Bone marrow4) Spleen

Back 54

Bone marrow

Front 55

If a memory B-cell is reactivated by its cognate antigen, which of the following differentiated cell types can it become?1) Natural killer cell2) Cytotoxic lymphocyte3) Plasma cell4) Helper lymphocyte

Back 55

Plasma cell

Front 56

What must happen to a B-cell before it can become an antigen-presenting cell (APC):

Back 56

Activation (experience)

Front 57

Name a cytokine that can act as a co-stimulus or "second-key" in T-cell Independent activation of a B-cell:

Back 57

INF-gamma

Front 58

Identify the most important cell in the lymph node responsible for filtering/cleaning lymph:

Back 58

Sinus macrophage

Front 59

Name the cell type that presents antigen-complement complexes to T-helper cells, without processing the antigens:

Back 59

Follicular dendritic cells

Front 60

Identify the site in the cell where MHC I receptors are assembled:

Back 60

Endoplasmic reticulum

Front 61

What must be present to remove the CLIP protein from a maturing MHC II receptor:

Back 61

HLA/acid

Front 62

Name the membrane receptor that specifically bonds with CD receptors found on cytotoxic lymphocytes:

Back 62

MHC I

Front 63

Name the lymphocyte receptor that binds to peptide-presenting MHC I receptors:

Back 63

CD8

Front 64

Mature B-cells that encounter a large amount of their cognate antigen require either of two co-stimuli signals to engage in T-cell Independent Activation. Name one of these co-stimulus agents:

Back 64

IFN-gamma

Front 65

Select the site where double-negative (CD4-CD8-) lymphocytes may be found:1) Germinal center2) Bone marrow3) Thymus cortex4) Lymph node medulla

Back 65

Thymus cortex

Front 66

Select the area of the lymph node that will have the highest concentration of plasma cells:1) Cortex2) Paracortex3) Medulla4) Sinus

Back 66

Paracortex

Front 67

An IgM-secreting plasma cell will class-switch to produce which of the following antibody types in fighting urinary infection1) IgA2) IgG3) IgD4) IgE

Back 67

IgA

Front 68

Select the chemokine that causes naive B-cells to seek out follicular dendritic cells (FDCs):1) CXCL2) CCR73) INF-gamma4) C3a

Back 68

CXCL

Front 69

Identify the antigen presenting cell (APC) receptor that serves as a "second-key" (co-stimulating factor) in activating a T-helper cell:1) CD32) CD83) CD28D) B7

Back 69

B7 ???

Front 70

All of the following occur in a lymph node's germinal center, EXCEPT:1) T-helper cell activation2) Affinity maturation3) Class switching4) Memory cell differentiation

Back 70

T-helper cell activation

Front 71

In which of the following sites are self-reactive B-cells eliminated?1) Lymph node2) Bone marrow3) Thymus cortex4) Thymus medulla

Back 71

Bone marrow

Front 72

Identify the cellular source of the chemokines that cause B-cells to migrate to the cortex of the lymph node:

Back 72

FDCs

Front 73

Identify the membrane receptor that engages B-cell co-stimulation through T-cell dependent activation:

Back 73

CD40

Front 74

The group of specialized signal transduction proteins found in a T-cell receptor (TCR) complex is called:

Back 74

CD3

Front 75

Identify the specific type of lymphocyte that directs the immune system to attack parasites and is also associated with creating allergies:

Back 75

T-helper cells

Front 76

The antigen-presenting cell (APC) that displays foreign antigens but does not "process" them is:

Back 76

FDC

Front 77

Select the secondary lymphoid organ whose function is to filter the blood:1) Lymph node2) Spleen3) Appendix4) Peyer's patches

Back 77

Spleen

Front 78

Which of the following specialized organs is designed to bring antigens into the body?1) Peyer's patch2) Spleen3) Lymph node4) Fetal liver

Back 78

Peyer's patch

Front 79

Which of the following cells DO NOT directly engage invasive pathogens?1) Cytotoxic lymphocytes2) Natural killer cells3) Macrophages4) Neutrophils

Back 79

Cytotoxic lymphocytes

Front 80

B-cells in a lymph node germinal center can experience all of the following EXCEPT:1) Antibody class switching2) Synthesize CD3 receptors3) Affinity maturation4) Formation of memory cells

Back 80

Synthesize CD3 receptors

Front 81

The best way to describe the function of the tonsils is that they are:1) Vestigial organs2) Major sites of antigen clearance3) Primary lymphoid organs4) Natural "vaccination" organs

Back 81

Natural "vaccination" organs

Front 82

The function of M-cells associated with intestinal tonsils is to:1) Digest and display them on MHC I receptors2) Digest and display them on MHC II receptors3) Differentiate into dendritic cells4) Transport antigens into the body

Back 82

Transport antigens into the body