Immunology Exam 2 Ch. 4-8

Front 1

How is biodiversity achieved in the antigen binding sites of immunoglobulins?

Back 1

random recombination produced by hypersomatic mutation

Front 2

How is an infinite diversity of specificity generated from finite amounts of DNA?

Back 2

RAG proteins create extra nucelotides (junctional diversity)

Front 3

How can the same specificity of antibody be on the B cell surface and secreted?

Back 3

Secreted antibodies are produced by an alternative pattern of heavy-chain RNA processing

Front 4

How do V regions find J regions and why don't they join to C regions?

Back 4

12-23 rule

Front 5

During B cell formation, how does the DNA break and rejoin?

Back 5

RAG proteins

Front 6

12-23 rule

Back 6

a gene segment flanked by 23mer RSS can only be linked to a segment flanked by 12mer RSS

Front 7

junctional diversity

Back 7

creates an essentially random sequence between the V region, D region, and J region on heavy chains and the V region and J region in light chains

Front 8

Where does isotype switching take place?

Back 8

after B cell activation by antigen and it reacts with T cells.
NOT in the bone marrow

Front 9

recombination signal sequences

Back 9

-direct recombination of V, J, & D segments
-they flank the 3' side of the V segment, both sides of D segment, and 5' of J segment
-they ensure that gene segments are joined at in the correct order

Front 10

Naive B cells

Back 10

B cells that have yet to encounter an antigen
They express both IgM and IgD on their surfaces

Front 11

Is there a change in DNA from B cell -> Plasma cell -> memory cells?

Back 11

No

Front 12

nontemplated DNA (N nucleotides)

Back 12

not encoded in the germline DNA

Front 13

What is the last isotype to be switched?

Back 13

IgE

Front 14

Which part of an antibody are the Diversity genes located?

Back 14

The heavy chain regions only

Front 15

hypervariable domains

Back 15

The place on an antibody that is mutated the most during isotype switching

Front 16

What is the main function of IgM?

Back 16

activation of complement system

Front 17

Two classes of T cell receptors

Back 17

1. alpha:beta chains
2. gamma:delta chains

Front 18

TAP

Back 18

transport of antigenic peptides
ATP binding protein the ER membrane that transports peptides from cytosol to lumen of ER and supplies MHC I molecules with peptides

Front 19

The molecules which antibodies bind to are?

Back 19

antigens

Front 20

Do erythrocytes have MHCs?

Back 20

no

Front 21

How does MHC diversity arise?

Back 21

by selection of infectious diseases

Front 22

Stages of B cell development in bone marrow

Back 22

1. Regulates construction of antigen receptor
2. Ensures each cell has only one specificity
3. Checks and disposes of self-reactive B cells
4. Exports useful cells to periphery
5. Provides site for antibody production

Front 23

Which cells stimulate B cells in the bone marrow?

Back 23

stromal cells

Front 24

DiGeorge's syndrome

Back 24

A syndrome where the individual does not develop thymus and is usually fatal

Front 25

When are CD34 and CD 44 expressed?

Back 25

during uncommitted progenitor cells before development into T cells

Front 26

Regulator T cells

Back 26

help regulate CD4 and CD8 T cell activities

Front 27

Functions of T helper 1 cells

Back 27

1. induce macrophages to become activated
2. coordinate the host response to pathogens that live in macrophages

Front 28

CD8 T cells

Back 28

1. cytotoxic cells
2. selective and serial killers of target cells at site of infections
3. kill their targets by inducing apoptosis

Front 29

Effector T cells

Back 29

1. Do no depend on co-stimulatory signals
2. function is carried out by cytokines and cytotoxins

Front 30

3 ways a CD8 T cell can be activated

Back 30

1. Dendritic cells express high levels of B7 to activate CD8
2. APC stimulates effector CD4 T cell and activates APC
3. APC activates CD4 T cell to make IL-2 and naive CD8 T cell to express IL-2 receptors

Front 31

ALPS

Back 31

autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome - the individual responds to infection but isn't able to induce apoptosis

Front 32

CD4 T cell surface molecules

Back 32

L-selectin
VLA 4
CD45RA
CD45RO

Front 33

L-selectin on CD4 T cells

Back 33

cell surface molecule only expressed in resting CD4

Front 34

VLA-4 on CD4 T cells

Back 34

cell surface molecule expressed in activated CD4 T cells
They bind to VCAM-1 receptors on activated epithelium at sites of inflammation

Front 35

CD45RA

Back 35

cell surface molecule expressed in resting CD4

Front 36

CD45RO

Back 36

expressed receptor in activated CD4 T cells
Makes T cells more sensitive to stimulation by lower concentrations of MHC peptide complexes

Front 37

Primary transcription factors for T cell activation

Back 37

NFalphaB, NFAT, and AP-1

Front 38

anergic T cell

Back 38

a T cell that responded to an antigen but received no co-stimulation
This cell is essentially non-responsive

Front 39

Which cytokine drive proliferation and differentiation of T cells?

Back 39

IL-2

Front 40

Where do naive T cells first encounter antigens?

Back 40

secondary lymphoid tissues

Front 41

RAG genes

Back 41

Genes used to produce DNA modifying enzymes
Key elements in origin of adaptive immunity

Front 42

Notch 1

Back 42

notch proteins are transmembrane receptors in which the extracellular and intracellular domains have distinct and complementary functions
Once initiated, it becomes part of a transcription factor complex needed for T cell development

Front 43

The first receptor to be expressed in (pre T cell) stem cells

Back 43

CD2

Front 44

Hodgekin's lymphoma

Back 44

tumor that originates from B cells in the germinal center of the periphery lymphoid tissues

Front 45

multiple myeloma

Back 45

tumor that originates from plasma cells in the bone marrow

Front 46

B-1 vs. B-2 cells

Back 46

B-1: produced during fetal stage; they have restricted V region repetoire; self renewing; low-no somatic hypermutation; spontaneous Ig production; do not require T cell help

B-2: produced after birth; diverse V region repetoire; replaced from bone marrow; low spontaneous Ig production; requires T cells for help; high somatic hypermutation

Front 47

double negative thymocyte

Back 47

thymocytes that don't express either CD4 or CD8 but are beginning to rearrange genes

Front 48

thymocyte

Back 48

immature T cell

Front 49

Rearrangement of the light-chain loci by pre-B cells is relatively __________ but rearrangement in the heavy chain of pro-B-cells is ________.

Back 49

efficient

inefficient

Front 50

surrogate light chain

Back 50

located in pre-B-cell receptor before the light chain is formed

Front 51

Functions of bone marrow in B cell development

Back 51

1. regulates construction of an antigen receptor
2. ensures each cell has only one specificity
3. checks and disposes of self-reactive B cells
4. exports useful cells to the periphery
5. provides a site for antibody production

Front 52

What is the cause of diversity in MHC molecules in populations?

Back 52

Due to the multigene families and genetic polymorphism

Front 53

Which type of immunity cells do NOT produce MHC I & II?

Back 53

erythrocytes

Front 54

proteasome

Back 54

breaks antigens into peptide fragments that can be presented by the MHC class I

Front 55

TAP

Back 55

transporter of antigenic peptides (TAP) into ER

Front 56

invariant chain

Back 56

molecule that prevents peptides from binding to MHC class II in the endoplasmic reticulum

Front 57

The heavy chain is equivalent to the _____ chain in the T cell

Back 57

beta chain

Front 58

Which chain has more diversity segments, heavy or beta chain?

Back 58

heavy chain

Front 59

What is the difference between antibodies and immunoglobulins?

Back 59

immunoglobulins are not secreted

Front 60

In what order do the various immunoglobulin loci arrange?

Back 60

Diversity to J regions join and then both to Variable region

Front 61

alternative RNA processing

Back 61

the process used to produce either surface or secreted forms of the immunoglobulin heavy chain

Front 62

two chains that make up T cell receptor

Back 62

alpha and beta chain

Front 63

Is there a diversity gene for the alpha chain of the T cell receptor?

Back 63

no

Front 64

CD3 complex

Back 64

Proteins that help make up the T cell receptor complex
Transmit signals to T cell interior after an antigen has been recognized

Front 65

somatic hypermutation

Back 65

this process adds further diversification by rearranging V region sequences

Front 66

Does isotype switching change antigen specificity?

Back 66

no

Front 67

SCID

Back 67

severe combine immunodeficiency disease - the individual has rare or mutated RAG genes

Front 68

Why doesn't a T cell have somatic mutation?

Back 68

They would possibly be able to activate self-reacting B cells causing autoimmunity

Front 69

RSS

Back 69

recombination signal sequences - directs the recombination of V, J, & D genes

Front 70

RAG

Back 70

recombination-activating genes - encode sets of enzymes that recombine V, J, & D segments