Immunology Exam 1 Terms

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Immunology

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study o fthe body’s defense against infection

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Immune system

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collective of cells and proteins that participate in the defense against infection

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Immune response

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response of the immune system against infection

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Pathogen

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disease causing microbes (bacteria, viruses, parasites)

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Immunogen

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A foreign, large, complex, and biodegradable molecule that can induce an immune response

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Inert

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Not biodegradable

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Antigen

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molecule that can be recognized by the immune system components

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Self/Non-self model

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Immune system recognizes and attacks that which is foreign, usually a pathogen

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Self

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Your normal self, and any mutualistic microbes

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Non-Self

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microbes, your altered self (cancerous/virus invaded cells), pathogenic microbes (remember opportunistic)

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Danger model

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The immune system responds to “danger signals” mostly generated by cells under stress

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Phagocytes

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Macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells

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Macrophage

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phagocytic cell with bactericidal mechanisms and antigen presentation qualities.

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Dendritic cell

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Phagocytic cell with antigen uptake in peripheral sites. Really good at antigen presentation

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Neutrophil

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phagocytic cell. Can activate bactericidal mechanisms

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Esinophils

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kills antibody coated parasites

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Basophil

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promotes allergic responses and augmentation of anti-parasitic immunity

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Mast Cell

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releases granules containing histamine and active agents

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Lymphocytes

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NK cells, T cells, B cells

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NK cells

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release lytic granules that kill some virus infected cells

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Primary lymphoid organs

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bone marrow, thymus

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Secondary lymphoid organs

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adenoid, tonsil, lymph node, appendix, spleen, peyer’s patch

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Venous blood

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Blood which is being returned to the heart

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Arterial blood

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Blood rushing AWAY from the heart and to the lymphatic system

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ERAAP

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Molecule that cuts peptides into amino acid termini, to cut down what’s too long. They’re the cookie cutters of the cellular world

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TAP

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2 part heterodimer that is ATP fuled, that is within the ER membrane. It brings cytosolic peptides into the ER

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B lymphocytes

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B cells

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N terminus

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The end of the variable region

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C terminus

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The end of the constant region

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Antibody

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b cell receptor in solution

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BCR

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b cell receptor

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Epitope binding site

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Where the antigen binds to the antibody

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Light chain

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The tops of the Y

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The heavy chain

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The main bit of the Y

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Combinatorial diversity

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different combos of VDJ gene segments occur in different lymphocyte clones. In addition, different combos of H and L chains originate particular BCRs

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Junctional Diversity

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changes in nucleotide seuqences introduced at the junctions of VD and J gene segments further promote BCR variability

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Somatic mutation

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Mutations of V gene sequences further increase receptor variability in B cells upon activation by antigens

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Clustering

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Binding many receptors will get a strong signal

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Signal transduction

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Transmission fo a physical signal into a biochemical signal

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Inflammation technical definition

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local accumulation of fluid, plasma, proteins, and leukocytes that is initiated by physical injury, infection, or a local immune response.

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Inflammation clinical definition

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Presence of redness, swelling, and pain

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Cytokines

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secretable protein signaling molecules that induce a broad sequence of cellular responses

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Mast cells

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cells which are derived from blood precursors and complete maturation in tissues that they can reside for long periods of time. They contain granules.

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Histamine

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Rapid released molecule that can induce vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, intestinal motility, and myocardial contractility

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Extravasation

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Cells (typically neutrophils) attaching to a ‘loose’ epithelial wall and pulling itself through.

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Neutrophils

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main white blood cells and abandon circulation to fight infection

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The Inflammasome

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inflammatory cytokines expressed in the occurance of stress or damage

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Eosinophils

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tissue dwelling granulocytes that are also recruited to sites of acute inflammation

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NK Cells

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They kill virus infected cells

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Inflammatory: Acute phase response

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increase in the levels of various plasma proteins

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C-Reactive Protein

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Classical acute phase reactant.

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Chronic inflammation

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Inflammation which occurs because the simtuli is not removed. Inflammation doesn’t end.

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Innate immunity

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immunity that pre-exists in all individuals, is fast acting, non-specific, and has no memory. It controls the infection.

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What is a pathogen infection

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A virus, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, or worm that can infect the interstitial spaces, blood, lymph, epithelial surfaces, cytoplasm, or vesicles

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Mechanical barriers

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skin, tight junctions, mucus by cilia, tears, nasal cilia

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Chemical barriers

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fatty acids, antimicrobial peptides, pH, antimicrobial enzymes, pulmonary surfactant

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Microbicidal factors

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it will kill microbes

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Bacteriostatic

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it will stop bacteria growth.

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Bacterial wall

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+ or – wall which will have characteristics to keep the bacteria alive

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Lysozymes

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degrade the peptidoglycans of bacterial walls

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Antimicrobial peptides

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positively charged, amphipathic peptides to create pores in the membrane and kill the microbes

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Pentraxins

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cyclic multimeric proteins that circulate in blood and lymph. They bind to the surface of pathogens and target them for destruction, and at the same time bind phagocytes.

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CXCR4

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receptor that HIV binds to, to gain entry to a cell

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APOBEC3G

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an innate antiviral defense that causes hypermutation in retroviral DNA to inactivate them

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Interferon

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proteins produced by various cells upon infection. They create an antiviral state in target cells, induce activation of immune cells.

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TCR

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T cell receptor

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CD4-T cells

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Helper cells

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CD8 T cells

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Cytotoxic T cells

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Gamma delta T receptor

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Receptor that is in epithelial tissues

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Alpha Beta T receptors

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Receptor that is about 90% of TCR

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PAMP

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pathogen associated molecular pattern

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DAMP

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damage associated molecular pattern

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TLR

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toll like receptor

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CLR

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C-type lectin receptor

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DC

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Dendritic Cells

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Plasacytoid DC

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Less than 1% of all leukocytes. Live in blood. They detect the presence of viral infection using TLR7 and 9

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Chemotaxis

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migration towards a soluble chemical signal

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Phagocytosis

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binding and engulfment of particles

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Intra-lysosomal

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digestion and killing of ingested material

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Non-Opsonic

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the slow, limited, and inefficient direct engulfment of microbes via recognition of molecules on the surface of microbes by receptors on the surface of phagocytes

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Opsonic

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the rapid and efficient engulfment of complement or antibody-coated microbes via complement or antibody receptors

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CR

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complement receptors

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FcR

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antibody receptors

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ROS

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reactive oxygen species

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RNI

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reactive nitrogen species

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netosis

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the process by which a neutrophil will produce extracellular traps that will trap and kill pathogens

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Lectin pathway

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A pathway made up of MBL molecules and triggered by the interaction between MBL and bacterial cell walls or capsules.

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Classical pathway

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Triggered by binding C1q to the pathogen surface or to antibodies found on pathogen

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Alterative pathway

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A pathway which is always on. Soluable C3 undergoes spontaneous hydrolysis in the fluid phase generating C3(H20), binds with Bb and F and creates Ba. It is in blood or extracellular fluid in the tissue

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Complement system

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proteolytic cascade system exherting an antimicrobial activities.

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Negative selection

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the removal of cells that recognize self antigens

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Positive selection

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cells that recognize what they are supposed to get survival signals

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Thymocyte

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T cell before development

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Tolerance induction

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your tolerance to your own self antigens, through negative selection.

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B7 molecule

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Co receptor which will help activate T cell

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CD28 molecule

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co receptor to help activate T cell

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CTLA-4 molecule

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Co receptor to help de-activate T cell