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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What do innate immune cells and macrophages require to be activated?
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Signals derived from exogenous microbes or tissues (endogenous signals)
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How do phagocytes recognize pathogens?
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PAMPS via PRR
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What are two types of pattern recognition receptors?
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TLR and NLR
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Upon recognition of these PAMPS, what do cell s do?
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Produce a proinflammatory molecule in response
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TLR 4 interacts with what ligand?
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G+ and G- bacteria
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TLR 5 interacts with what ligand?
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Flagellin on bacteria
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TLR 3 interacts with what ligand?
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DS RNA (viruses)
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TLR 9 interacts with what ligand?
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DNA with unmethylated CpG (bacteria and herpesviruses)
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TLR 7 interacts with what ligand?
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SS RNA (viruses)
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TLR 8 interacts with what ligand?
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SSRNA (Viruses)
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Interactions of intracellular domains of TLRs lead to?
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Cell signaling!
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What creates a scaffold for activation of Tak1? How?
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TRAF6 and Nemo. They’re polyubiquinated
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Go through the process of how NFKb is released into the nucleus?
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TRAF6 and Nemo are polyubiquinated and create a scaffold for the activation of Tak1. Tak1 associates with IKK and phosphorylates IKKb. IKKb phosphorylates IkB. IkB is degraded and releases NFKb. (IkB is an inhibitor that is locked in place. This knocks out the inhibitor and allows for NFKb to translate the cytokine genes)
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What TLR are present inside of the endosome?
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TLR3 and 7
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What does dimerization of TLR lead to?
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Interaction of intracellular domains and signaling.
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What is different about TLR3 signaling?
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Unlike all other TLRs, it doesn’t use MyD88 as an adapter molecule
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Where are TLRs located?
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In a membrane
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Where are PRRs located?
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In the cytoplasm
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What does binding of NOD molecules to ligands involve?
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Dimerization and activation of intracellular signaling.
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What is characterized by an extensive rough ER?
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Plasmacytoid DC causing a massive synthesis and secretion of interferons.
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What occurs within 6 hours of plasmacytoid DCs?
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60% of transcription is devoted to prduce IFN that spread systematically through lymph and blood
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What TLR do Plasmacytoid DC use?
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TLR 7 and 9
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What are the phagocyte functions?
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Chemotaxis, recognition of microbes, phagocytosis, intra-lysosomal digestion and killing of ingested material, and antigen presentation to lymphocytes
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What are chemoattractants
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chemokines, complement C3a and C5a molecules, leukotriene B4, and Bacterial formyl-methionyl peptides
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What are receptors for chemoattractants on leukocytes?
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CCR or CXCRs, C3aR, C5aR, BLTR1, BLTR2, FPR1-4
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Can chemokines be produced by only one type of cell?
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No! They are produced by several different types of cells.
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What is the importance of Il-8?
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it is a chemokine |
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Can chemokines only react with one receptor?
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No! They can react with several receptors.
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Can a receptor interact with only one type of chemokine?
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Nope! They can interact with several different chemokines.
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What happens when chemokines react with receptors?
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Cells are attracted.
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What are the steps of phagocytosis?
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Chemotaxis, attachment, endycytosis, vacuole formation, killing, digestion, antigen presentation
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What stimulates the ingestion of the microbial particle with possible subsequent digestion and killing of the ingested microbe?
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Phagocyte binding to the microbe’s surface.
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What is the difference between opsonic and non-opsonic ingestion? Which is better?
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Opsonic is using the help of antibodies or complements. Opsonic is better.
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What are the oxygen independent types of intracellular killing?
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Acidification, antimicrobial peptides, enzymes, competitors.
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What constitutes acidification?
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A pH of about 3.4-4.0. It’s bacteriostatic or cidal depending on the bacteria.
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How do Antimicrobial peptides deal with macrophage products?
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Use a macrophage derived peptide
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How do antimicrobial peptides deal with neutrophil products
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alpha and beta defensins, lactoferricin, ect.
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How do enzymes do intracellular killing?
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Lysozymes, acid hydrolases.
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How do competitors do intracellular killing?
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Lactoferrin
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What are the types of oxygen or nitrogen dependent intracellular killings?
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ROS and RNI
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What happens to a neutrophil when it uses up its granule?
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It dies
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How do neutrophils die?
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Either by apoptosis or netosis
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