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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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(1) Non-specific defense mechanism
(2) Body sees something foreign and attacks it (3) 1st line of defense |
Innate immune response
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(1) Takes 5 days to kick in
(2) Specificity (3) Memory |
Adaptive immune response
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Ability to recognize a pathogen with specific receptors
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Specificity
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Ability to recognize pathogen, mount an attack immediately, and clear the pathogen out of the body
(never know you were infected a 2nd time) |
Memory
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(1) Infected/injured cells release chemicals to send an alarm out to WBC's
(2) Vasodilation of capillaries going to infection site = more blood flow to infection site (3) Vasoconstriction of capillaries going away from infection site = prevents spread of bacterial products throughout body (4) Increased permeability of capillaries = allows diapedesis of WBC's (causes redness and swelling) (5) Blood clots around site forming an abscess |
Inflammatory response
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Collection of dead inflammatory cells and tissue cells and also dead and living microorganisms
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Pus
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Normal temperature growth for most bacteria
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37 degrees Celsius (our body temp)
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May decrease bacterial growth with only a few degrees increase in body temp
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Fever
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(1) Released by macrophages
(2) Sends message to hypothalamus to raise the body temp |
IL-1
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From gram negative bacteria are pyrogens = induce fever
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Endotoxins
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(1) Outer membrane made of LPS
(2) Thin peptidogylcan (3) LPS (endotoxin) can trigger fever |
Gram negative bacteria
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(1) No outer membrane
(2) Have thick peptidoglycan (3) Produce exotoxins that can induce fever |
Gram positive bacteria
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Large lymphocytes that lack conventional surface markers (no specific receptors on surface)
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Natural killer cells
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(1) Large lymphocytes that do not attack invading microbes but do attack body cells that are infected by them (intracellular pathogens)
(2) Recognize altered body cells |
Natural killer cells
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How do NK cells recognize infected cells?
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See reduced expression of MHC I on the surface of an infected cell due to presence of the virus in the cell
(Do not see actual virus, only see decreased MHC I expression) |
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How do NK cells kill infected cells?
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Release perforins (put holes on cell surface) and digestive enzymes
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Granulocytes
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Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
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Agranulocytes
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Lymphocytes and monocytes
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(1) Called polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN's)
(2) Attach to microbes by the help of opsonins = have C3B receptors (3) Also have Fc receptors for antibody (4) Lysosomes discharge toxic contents (low pG, peroxide, etc.) (5) Short-lived |
Neutrophils
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(1) Weakly phagocytic
(2) Release toxis granules to kill large invading parasites |
Eosinophils
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(1) Not phagocytic cells
(2) Release heparin and histamine into the blood (3) Responsible for allergy symptoms (4) When leave blood, are called mast cells |
Basophils
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(1) B or T cells
(2) In primary and secondary lymphatic organs (3) Play role in specific immune response |
Lymphocytes
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(1) Can become activated and enter tissues
(2) Develop into phagocytic macrophages (3) Long-lived (4) Major APC's (5) Phagocytose bacteria like PMN's |
Monocytes
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(1) Over 20 proteins that kill microbes
(2) From MAC, which inserts holes in membrane of bacteria (3) Bind to proteins (-NH2) and sugars (-OH) (4) Causes opsonization = labels pathogen for killing |
Complement
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Soluble proteins produced by immune cells
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Cytokines
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(1) Released by Th cells
(2) Activates B cells to divide = causes proliferation of B cells |
IL-2
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Constantly cleaves off complement from our own cells so that they are free of complement
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CCPs (complement control proteins)
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(1) Complement proteins invovled in inflammation.
(2) Induce chemotaxis and increase blood vessel permeability |
c5a and c3a
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3 types of interferons
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alpha, beta, gamma
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