Immunology Exam 1

Front 1

6 immune cells of MYELOID lineage

Back 1

neutrophil (PMN)
macrophage
dendritic cell
eosinophil
basophil
mast cell

Front 2

3 immune cells of LYMPHOID lineage

Back 2

T cells
B cells
NK cells

Front 3

Function of PMNs

Back 3

phagocytosis of microbes

Front 4

Functions of NK cells

Back 4

antiviral mediator, producing cytokines

Front 5

B cell function

Back 5

Ab and cytokine producer, APC

Front 6

function of CD4+ T cells

Back 6

major cytokine producers

mediators of delayed-type hypersenstivity (DTH)

Front 7

function of CD8+ T cells

Back 7

antiviral immunity

Front 8

Malaria and leishmaniasis are examples of what kind of microbe?

Back 8

Parasites

Front 9

Thrush and ringworm are examples of what type of microbe?

Back 9

fungus

Front 10

What type of microbe is ONLY an INTRACELLULAR defense target?

Back 10

virus

Front 11

Humoral branch of adaptive immmunity involves _____

Adaptive Cell-mediated immunity involves ____ and _____

Back 11

Humoral adaptive - antibodies

CMI adaptive - DTH & CTL

Front 12

Immune classification of ...

B cells: ____
T cells: ____
NK cells: _____

Back 12

B cells: mediators of HUMORAL immunity

T cells: mediators of cell-mediated immunity (CMI)

NK cells: cells of INNATE immunity

Front 13

Principle function fo LYMPHOCYTES

Back 13

specific recognition of antigens

Front 14

Principle function of APCs

Back 14

capture of antigens for display to lymphocytes

Front 15

2 types of granulocytes

Back 15

PMNs

eosinophils

Front 16

Immunogens =

Back 16

elicit immune response

Front 17

Haptens =

Back 17

elicit immune response only with a carrier

Front 18

Tolerogens =

Back 18

elicit initial immune response but NOT at later exposures

Front 19

Epitope =

Back 19

smallest antigenic determinant

Front 20

4 antigenic factors

Back 20

foreignness (self vs. non-self)

molecular size (6 kD cut off)

chemical structure complexity (homo- vs. hetero-polymer)

antigenic determinants (epitopes)

Front 21

Example of hapten

Back 21

penicillin

Front 22

T cell epitopes can ONLY be...

Back 22

primary peptides

Front 23

Definition of CROSS REACTION

Back 23

immune response that occurs with antigens that share common epitopes

Front 24

The tetanus vaccine utilizes what kind of reaction?

Back 24

CROSS REACTION

Front 25

What type of biological macromolecule is most likely to be immunogenic as a HAPTEN?

Back 25

LIPIDS

Front 26

Rate major classes of antigens from most likely to least likely to be immunogenic:

Back 26

Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids (as haptens)
Nucleic acids (unlikely)

Front 27

Definition of immunological homeostasis

Back 27

A stable state or equilibrium of the immune cell repertoire (esp. T)

Front 28

3 examples of carbohydrate antigens

Back 28

bacterial polysaccharides

glycoproteins

RBC antigens

Front 29

2 examples of lipid haptens

Back 29

cardiolipin

prostaglandins

Front 30

3 examples of protein antigens

Back 30

tetanus toxoid

insulin

viral proteins

Front 31

3 types of innate immunity mediators

Back 31

barriers

innate immune cells

systemic effectors

Front 32

two types of innate immune cells (& relevant subtypes)

Back 32

phagocytes (PMNs, macrophages)

NK cells

Front 33

4 types of systemic effectors

Back 33

cytokines
complement proteins
APPs
inflammation & fever

Front 34

cellular component of the epithelial barrier

Back 34

gamma-delta T cells

Front 35

major targets of PMNs

Back 35

bacteria, fungi

Front 36

major targest of macrophages

Back 36

bacteria, fungi, viruses

Front 37

major targets of DCs

Back 37

viruses, bacteria, fungi

Front 38

major targets of NK cells

Back 38

viruses

Front 39

major targets of NK-T cells

Back 39

microlipid bound to CD1

Front 40

major target of gamma-delta T cells

Back 40

microlipid

Front 41

major target of B-1 cells

Back 41

carbohydrate of microbe/toxin

Front 42

major target of marginal zone B (MZB)

Back 42

carbohydrate of blood borne invaders

Front 43

Most abundant WBC

Back 43

PMNs

Front 44

What hormone is needed to stimulate PMN production?

Back 44

Granulocyte Stimulating Factor (GSF)

Front 45

Where are PMNs produced

Back 45

bone marrow

Front 46

life span of PMNs

Back 46

short (~9 hours)

Front 47

Which cytokine recruits PMNs to the site of infection?

Back 47

IL-8

Front 48

What is the first WBC to respond to infection signals?

Back 48

PMNs

Front 49

sole function of PMNs

Back 49

phagocytosis

Front 50

dominant cell type in pus

Back 50

PMNs

Front 51

life span of monocytes/macrophages

Back 51

days to months

Front 52

first cell type to respond to MICROBES

Back 52

monocyte/macrophage

Front 53

4 roles for macrophages

Back 53

phagocyte
APC
cytokine production
innate and adaptive response coordination

Front 54

4 specialized macrophages and the tissue in which each is found

Back 54

Microglial cells (CNS)
Kupffer cells (liver)
alveolar macrophages (lung)
osteoclasts (bone

Front 55

What characteristic, non-self molecules do phagocytes recognize?

Back 55

PAMPs

Front 56

2 types of PAMPs

Back 56

LPS (bacteria)

flagellin (bacteria)

Front 57

PAMPs are recognized by ____ on phagocytes

Back 57

PRR (pattern recognition receptors)

Front 58

PRR are a subtype of what kind of receptors

Back 58

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

Front 59

Surface TLR recognize which types of pathogens?

Back 59

bacteria

fungi

Front 60

Endosomal TLR recognize which types of pathogens?

Back 60

bacteria

fungi

Front 61

Cytoplasmic TLR recognize which types of pathogens

Back 61

bacteria

VIRUSES

Front 62

True/False: Each kind of PAMP is recognized by only certain TLRs

Back 62

True

Front 63

2 mechanisms of phagocyte-mediated killing

Back 63

lysosomal enzymes (proteases)

respiratory burst (ROS, NO generation)

Front 64

Which immune cells recognize the absence of MHC I?

Back 64

NK cells

Front 65

Two general methods of NK cell mediated killing

Back 65

cytotoxicity --> apoptosis

cytokine looping

Front 66

Describe cytokine looping, with respect to NK cells

Back 66

macrophages and DCs secrete
IFN-a, IL-12 and IL-15,
which activate NK cells

NK cells secrete IFN-gamma to activate macrophages

Front 67

3 families of cytokines

Back 67

interleukins (IL)

chemokines

interferon (IFN)

Front 68

Define INTERLEUKIN

Back 68

protein secreted by leukocytes

acted upon by leukocytes

transmit immune signals

Front 69

Define CHEMOKINE

Back 69

low MW

function to attract and facilitate leukocyte migration

Front 70

Define INTERFERON

Back 70

proteins secreted by cells to interfere with viral infection

Front 71

Type I IFN

Back 71

IFN-a (macrophage) & IFN-beta (fibroblast)

degrades viral mRNA

increases MHC expression

Front 72

Type II IFN

Back 72

IFN-gamma

secreted by NK and T cells

activates Mphages

stimulates B cells to produce Ab's

Front 73

Pleiotropism of cytokines means that

Back 73

different cells can receive the same cytokine signal but mediate a different function

Front 74

Redundancy of cytokines means that

Back 74

different cytokines and corresponding receptors may share the same signaling pathway and bring out the same consequences

Front 75

Functions of TNF-a

Back 75

inflammation, fever, APP, septic shock

Front 76

Functions of IL-1

Back 76

inflammation, fever, APP

Front 77

Function and target of IL-6

Back 77

APP

target: liver

Front 78

Function of IL-8

Back 78

PMN recruitment

Front 79

Function of IL-12 and IL-15

Back 79

IFN-gamma increase

NK cell activation

Front 80

Source of most cytokines

Back 80

macrophages

Front 81

Function of IFN-gamma

Back 81

macrophage activation

Front 82

APP members (2)

Back 82

CRP (C-reactive protein)

MBL (mannose binding lectin)

Front 83

CRP function

Back 83

opsonization

Front 84

MBL function

Back 84

activates complement via lectin pathway

Front 85

what organ produces APP?

Back 85

liver

Front 86

Which 3 cytokines induce APP production in the liver?

Back 86

TNF-a, IL-1, IL-6

Front 87

Definition of INFLAMMATION

Back 87

accumulation and activation fo leukocytes and plasma proteins

+ permeability of vasculature

Front 88

Five cardinal signs of inflammation

Back 88

rubor
tumor
calor
dolor

loss of function

Front 89

Cytokines that cause fever

Back 89

IL-1 and TNF-a

Front 90

Cytokine that activates PMNs

Back 90

TNF-a

Front 91

5 clinical signs of septic shock

Back 91

vascular collapse (low BP)
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC: massive, severe bleeding and clotting)
metabolic distrubance (diarrhea)
fever and APP production (CRP as clinical indicator)
potential vital organ failure

Front 92

Cause of septic shock

Back 92

endotoxin, e.g.: LPS

Front 93

mechanism of septic shock

Back 93

LPS induces massive production of IL-1 and TNF-a by macrophages

Front 94

microbes that demonstrate resistance to complement activation

Back 94

neisseria

streptococcus

Front 95

microbes that demonstrate resistance to defensins

Back 95

pseudomonas

Front 96

microbes that demonstrate resistance to fusion with lysosome

Back 96

legionella

listeria

Front 97

microbes that demonstrate resistance to phagocytosis

Back 97

pneumococcus

Front 98

microbes that demonstrate resistance to ROS

Back 98

staphylococcus

Front 99

definition of clonal selection

Back 99

each lymphocyte carries one and only one antigen specificity

Front 100

Why do memory cells act faster than naive cells?

Back 100

only need antigen as signal; 2nd signal not required

Front 101

vessel that acts as portal for lymphocytes entering lymphatic system from blood

Back 101

HEV

Front 102

What type of T cells are found in the lymph node paracortex?

Back 102

naive

Front 103

What type of T cells are found in the lymph node medulla

Back 103

activated T (and B)

Front 104

From what structure do the APCs enter the lymph node?

Back 104

afferent lymphatics

Front 105

from what structure do naive lymphocytes enter the lymph node?

Back 105

artery

Front 106

activated lymphocytes exit the lymph node via the ___

Back 106

efferent lymphatic

Front 107

where are there more memory B cells, spleen or lymph node?

Back 107

spleen

Front 108

name of the zone in the spleen in which T cells are found

Back 108

PALS

Front 109

name of the zone in the spleen in which B cells are found

Back 109

germinal center

Front 110

name of the zone in the spleen in which B, B-1, MZB and T cells are found

Back 110

marginal zone

Front 111

molecules involved in lymphocyte homing

Back 111

homing molecules
addressins

Front 112

molecules involved in diapedesis

Back 112

chemokines
adhesins

Front 113

Immune mechanism for:
Extracellular pathogen type

Back 113

B cells --> antibody

Front 114

Immune mechanism for intracellular pathogen type

Back 114

CD4+ T cells --> cytokines --> macrophages

Front 115

Immune mechanism for viruses

Back 115

CD8+ T cells --> CTL