Immunology Exam 1

Front 1

These 5 types of WBCs can be found circulating in the blood

Back 1

Monocytes, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Natural Killer Cells

Front 2

These are larger than average cells, have a prominent bean-shaped nucleus and are motile

Back 2

Monocytes

Front 3

These give rise to macrophages and dendritic cells

Back 3

Monocytes

Front 4

Are monocytes part of the innate or adaptive immune response?

Back 4

Innate

Front 5

What cytokines and other molecules are released by monocytes?

Back 5

IL1, IL6, IL10, TNFa, IFN-g

Front 6

These cells are also known as Kuppfer cells in the liver, and microglia in the brain.

Back 6

Macrophages

Front 7

This type of cell can be found in various tissues as well as the subepithelial space under tissues.

Back 7

Macrophages

Front 8

This type of cell is a large amorphous blob, has lots of vesicles, a prominent nucleus, and its motile

Back 8

Macrophages

Front 9

Macrophages are part of the innate or the adaptive immune response?

Back 9

Innate

Front 10

List the main surface molecules found on macrophages. (6)

Back 10

complement receptors, cytokine receptors, chemokine receptors, MHC I, MHC II, and Toll-like receptors

Front 11

What cytokines and other molecules are released from macrophages?

Back 11

IL1, IL6, IL10, TNFa

Front 12

The main functions of this type of cell include phagocytosis, endocytosis, pinocytosis, engulf opsonized cells, and release cytokines.

Back 12

Macrophages

Front 13

List the 5 main functions of macrophages.

Back 13

phagocytosis

endocytosis

pinocytosis

engulf opsonized cells

release cytokines

Front 14

The intake of fluid by the cell. "Cell drinking"

Back 14

pinocytosis

Front 15

The rendering of bacteria and other cells vulnerable to phagocytosis, i.e. the attachment of antibodies for identification

Back 15

opsonization

Front 16

This type of cell is known as Langerhans cells in epithelial layers.

Back 16

Dendritic cells

Front 17

The main locations of this type of cell is in the tissues and then moves to lymph vessels and lymph nodes when activated by a pathogen to activate B and T cells

Back 17

Dendritic Cells

Front 18

This type of cell is star shaped with lots of tentacles

Back 18

Dendritic cells

Front 19

The main functions of this type of cell are cross-presentation of antigen on MHC, activate T cells to bridge innate and adaptive immunity, phagocytosis, chemokine and cytokine release

Back 19

dendritic cells

Front 20

List the 4 functions of dendritic cells

Back 20

cross-presentation of antigens on MHC

activate T cells to bridge innate and adaptive immunity

phagocytosis

chemokine and cytokine release

Front 21

Dendritic cells are part of the innate or the adaptive immune response?

Back 21

Innate (but a bridge between the two)

Front 22

List the main surface molecules of dendritic cells. (7)

Back 22

MHC I, MHC II, Toll-like receptors, complement receptors, chemokine receptors, cytokine receptors, CD86

Front 23

List the cytokines and other molecules released by dendritic cells. (7)

Back 23

IL1, IL6, IL10, IL12, INFa, TGFB, TNFa

Front 24

These are usually found in the blood until summoned during an innate immune response

Back 24

Neutrophils

Front 25

This type of cell has a segmented nucleus and lots of granules.

Back 25

Neutrophils

Front 26

List the main functions of neutrophils. (4)

Back 26

The main phagocytic cells

kill engulfed pathogens with proteolytic enzymes

dead cells form pus

chemokine and cytokine release

Front 27

Neutrophils are part of the innate or adaptive immune response?

Back 27

Innate

Front 28

List the main surface molecules of neutrophils. (8)

Back 28

CXCR8, selectin, integrin, cytokine and chemokine receptors, MHC I, MHC II, complement receptors, toll-like receptors

Front 29

These are proteins expressed by leukocytes, synthesized by helper CD4 T Lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages. They help promote the development and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes and hematopoietic cells.

Back 29

interleukins

Front 30

List the cytokines and other molecules released by neutrophils. (2)

Back 30

Proteolytic proteins to kill pathogens

pro-inflammatory cytokines

Front 31

This type of cell stains pink and has many granules.

Back 31

Eosinophils

Front 32

The main function of this type of cell is its involvement in the inflammatory response to allergies and parasite responses after binding IgE.

Back 32

Eosinophils

Front 33

Are eosinophils part of the innate or adaptive immune response?

Back 33

Innate

Front 34

List the main surface molecules located on eosinophils. (5)

Back 34

Fc receptors

cytokine and chemokine receptors

MHC I

MHC II

Front 35

List the cytokines and other molecules released by eosinophils. (6)

Back 35

IL1

IL6

IL4

IL10

TNFa

TGFB

Front 36

This cell stains blue, has lots of granules.

Back 36

Basophils

Front 37

The main functions of basophils are?

Back 37

involved in the inflammatory response to allergies and parasite responses after binding IgE

Front 38

Basophils are part of the innate or adaptive immune response?

Back 38

Innate

Front 39

List the main surface molecules present on basophils. (5)

Back 39

Fc receptors,

cytokine and chemokine receptors,

MHC I

MHC II

Front 40

List the cytokines and other molecules released by basophils. (6)

Back 40

IL1, IL6, IL4, IL10, TNFa, TGFB

Front 41

This type of cell is found in the tissues and sub epithelial spaces of tissues. #2

Back 41

Mast Cells

Front 42

This type of cell is round and full of granules.

Back 42

Mast cells

Front 43

What is the main function of a mast cell?

Back 43

It is the main cell to cause inflammatory response after binding to anaphylotoxins and degranulating, involved in allergic response in tissue after binding IgE

Front 44

List the 5 parts of the inflammatory response.

Back 44

heat, pain, swelling, redness, vasodilation

Front 45

Are mast cells part of the innate or adaptive immune response?

Back 45

Innate

Front 46

List the main surface molecules found on mast cells. (5)

Back 46

Fc receptors

Complement receptors

cytokine and chemokine receptors

MHC I

Front 47

List the cytokines and other molecules released from mast cells. (5)

Back 47

histamine

TNFa

proteolytic proteins

pro-inflammatory cytokines

chemokines

Front 48

This type of cell is found in the blood circulation until it is summoned during the innate immune response.

Back 48

Natural Killer Cells

Front 49

This type of cell has a large, round nucleus, and its granular

Back 49

Natural Killer Cells

Front 50

The main function of this type of cell is to make interferons and to non-specifically kill virus-infected cells with proteolytic enzymes.

Back 50

Natural Killer Cells

Front 51

Are natural killer cells part of the innate or the adaptive immune response?

Back 51

Innate

Front 52

List the main surface molecules found on natural killer cells. (7)

Back 52

CXCR10

activating receptor

inhibitory receptor

MHC I

toll-like receptors

cytokine receptors

chemokine receptors

Front 53

List the cytokines and other molecules released by natural killer cells. (3)

Back 53

interferons

pro-inflammatory cytokines

chemokines

Front 54

This type of cell is found in the lymph nodes and lymph vessels. they develop in the thymus, migrate to the blood circulation and tissues when their specific antigen is infecting the organism

Back 54

CD4/Helper T cells

Front 55

This type of cell is large, motile, with a few ragged edges and prominent nucleus.

Back 55

CD4/Helper T cells

Front 56

List the main functions of CD4/helper T cells. (4)

Back 56

helps CD8 T cells grow

helps B cells isotype switch and somatic hypermutate

remembers specific pathogens to make a stronger and faster secondary immune response

variety of functions concerning specific pathogens

Front 57

Are CD4/helper T cells part of the innate or adaptive immune response?

Back 57

Adaptive

Front 58

List the main molecules found on the surface of CD4/T helper cells. (7)

Back 58

CD4

T cell receptor

Cytokine receptors

Chemokine receptors

CD40 ligand

CD28 (receptor for CD86)

CD3

Front 59

This type of cell releases a variety of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines depending on the T cell type and chemokines

Back 59

CD4/Helper T cells

Front 60

This type of cell is found in lymph nodes, and lymph vessels. they develop in the thymus. migrate to blood circulation and tissues when their specific antigen is infecting the organism.

Back 60

CD8/cytotoxic/killer T cells

Front 61

This type of cell has a large, round, prominent nucleus and its motile.

Back 61

CD8/cytotoxic/killer T cells

Front 62

List the main functions of CD8/cytotoxic/killer T cells. (2)

Back 62

kills cells infected with a specific virus using proteolytic enzymes.

remembers specific pathogens to cause a stronger and more rapid secondary response

Front 63

CD8/cytotoxic/killer T cells are part of the innate or adaptive immune response?

Back 63

Adaptive

Front 64

List the main molecules located on the surface of CD8/cytotoxic/killer T cells. (7)

Back 64

CD8

T cell receptor

cytokine receptors

chemokine receptors

CD40 ligand

CD28

CD3

Front 65

List the molecules released by CD8/cytotoxic/killer T cells. (2)

Back 65

pro-inflammatory cytokines

chemokines

Front 66

This type of cell develops in the bone marrow mostly and then is found in the lymph nodes and lymph vessels when maturing. Migrates the to blood when activated by an antigen

Back 66

B cells

Front 67

This type of cell has a round, prominent nucleus and is motile.

Back 67

B cells

Front 68

List the main functions of B cells. (2)

Back 68

Produce antibodies against specific pathogens which bind to their pathogen and cause them to be engulfed or neutralized

remember specific pathogens to make a more rapid and stronger secondary response.

Front 69

List the types of antibodies produced by B cells.

Back 69

IgM

IgD

IgA

IgG

IgE

Front 70

Are B cells part of the innate or adaptive immune response?

Back 70

Adaptive

Front 71

List the molecules found on the surface of B cells. (4)

Back 71

B cell receptor (surface-bound immunoglobulin)

CD28,

CD40,

MHC II

Front 72

List the cytokines and molecules released by B cells. (3)

Back 72

Antibodies (IgM,D,G,A,E)

cytokines

chemokines

Front 73

________ binds viral capsids, and ______ activates ________ to cut up viral dsRNA

Back 73

1) Mx

2) OAS

3) RNaseH

Front 74

______, ______, and ______ act locally on endothelial cells and incoming leukocytes AND globally

Back 74

IL-1beta,

IL-6,

TNFalpha

Front 75

IL-12 and the interferons act locally to activate ________, _________, and other cells to fight viruses.

Back 75

CD8+ T cells,

NK cells

Front 76

___________________ can be made by all cells to alert other nearby cells to a virus too, increasing _________ expression and activating the immunoproteasome so more proteins will be cut in the Endogenous Pathway so viruses can be detected.

Back 76

Type I interferons (alpha & beta)

MHC I

Front 77

What's this?

Back 77

Monocyte

Front 78

What's this?

Back 78

Macrophage

Front 79

What is this?

Back 79

Neutrophil

Front 80

What's this?

Back 80

Eosinophil

Front 81

What's this?

Back 81

Basophil

Front 82

What's this?

Back 82

Dendritic Cells

Front 83

What's this?

Back 83

Mast Cell

Front 84

What's this?

Back 84

Helper T cell

Front 85

What's this?

Back 85

Natural Killer Cell

Front 86

Which three types of leukocytes have granules?

Back 86

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

Front 87

Which two types of leukocytes do not have granules?

Back 87

Lymphocytes and monocytes

Front 88

What combination of dyes is generally used to stain leukocytes?

Back 88

Eosin and Methylene blue

Front 89

Which are the most common type of leukocyte and what percentage of the blood do they make up?

Back 89

Neutrophils, 60-70%

Front 90

What is the second most common type of leukocyte and what percentage does it make up?

Back 90

Lymphocytes (T and B cells), 20-50%

Front 91

What is the third most common type of leukocyte and what percentage does it make up?

Back 91

Monocytes, 2-10%

Front 92

What is the fourth most common type of leukocyte and what percentage does it make up?

Back 92

Eosinophils, 1-6%

Front 93

What is the fifth and most rare type of leukocyte and what percentage does it make up?

Back 93

Basophils, 1%

Front 94

List the 2 steps in humoral mediated immunity.

Back 94

1) A B cell binds to its specific antigen. Some B cells need T helper cells. B cell proliferates and become plasma cells or memory cells.

2) The plasma cells proliferate and produce antibodies against the antigen.

Front 95

List the 3 steps of cell-mediated immunity that takes place after exposure to the antigen and the display of foreign proteins on the cell surface.

Back 95

1) A T cell binds to MHC-antigen complexes on the surface of the cell, activating the T cell with it's cytokine receptors.

2a) Cytokines activate macrophages.

2b) CD8 T cell becomes cytotoxic T lymphocyte able to induce apoptosis in target cell.

2c) T cells activate TH cells that activate B cells.

3) Some T cells become memory cells.

Front 96

What is humoral immunity designed to control?

Back 96

Freely circulating pathogens

Front 97

What is cell-mediated immunity designed to control?

Back 97

intracellular pathogens

Front 98

What and where is the thymus and what happens in it?

Back 98

Near the heart. Immune system organ where T cells and T lymphocytes mature from hematopoietic cells.

Front 99

Answer for the primary immune response:

antigen type,

responding cells,

Back 99

Both T dependent and T independent B cells

Naive B or T cells

Front 100

Answer for the secondary immune response:

antigen type,

responding cells,

Back 100

Only T dependent cells

Memory B or T cells

Front 101

Answer for primary immune response:

lag period,

peak response,

magnitude,

Back 101

Longer: 4-7 days

Occurs in 7-10 days

Low

Front 102

Answer for primary immune response:

antibody isotype,

antibody affinity

Back 102

IgM predominates

Lower

Front 103

Answer for secondary immune response:

Lag period

peak response

magnitude

Back 103

Shorter: 1-3 days

Occurs in 3-5 days

High: 100-1000x

Front 104

Answer for secondary immune response:

Antibody isotype

antibody affinity

Back 104

IgG predominates

Higher

Front 105

This antibody is the main antibody in blood. It is transferred from mother to baby. It is widely distributed throughout the blood and tissues.

Back 105

IgG

Front 106

This antibody is made up of five antibodies. It has a key role in the initial immune system. It circulates in the blood.

Back 106

IgM

Front 107

This antibody is made up of 2 antibodies. It is distributed to serum, nasal discharge, saliva, breast milk and bowel fluid. Breast milk protects the gastrointestinal tract of newborns from bacterial and viral infection (maternal immunity).

Back 107

IgA

Front 108

This antibody is present on the surface of B cells and plays a role in the induction of antibody production.

Back 108

IgD

Front 109

This antibody is believed to be related to immunity reactions to parasites, and has recently become known as a key factor of allergies.

Back 109

IgE

Front 110

List in order of reaction the major components of complement activation in the Classical Pathway.

Back 110

C1 activated when it binds to antigen/antibody complex.

C1 cleaves C2 into C2a and C2b; and C4 into C4a and C4b.

C2b and C4b combine to form C3 convertase which cleaves C3 into C3a and C3b.

Classical and alternative now merge.

Front 111

List in order of reaction the major components of complement activation in the alternative pathway.

Back 111

C3b interacts with endotoxins, cell walls, and polysaccharides.

C3b the reacts with Factor B, D, and Properdin to make C3 convertase which cleaves C3

Classical and alternative now merge.

Front 112

What are the 3 anaphylotoxins in the complement cascade and what do they do?

Back 112

C3a, C4a, C5a

They cause smooth muscle contraction, histamine release from mast cells, and enhanced vascular permeability. They also mediate chemotaxis, inflammation.

Front 113

What is required to activate the lectin pathway?

Back 113

carbohydrates (D-mannose and L-fucose residues) found on the surfaces of many pathogens.

Front 114

In classical complement cascade, C1 has three parts: C1q, C1r, C1s. What is their functions?

Back 114

C1q: binds directly to pathogens surface or indirectly to antibody-bound pathogens, activating Cr

C1r: Cleaves C1s to activate protease

C1s: Cleaves C2 and C4.

Front 115

In classical complement cascade, C4 is split into C4a and C4b. What is their function?

Back 115

C4a: peptide mediator of inflammation

C4b: covalently binds to pathogen and opsonizes it. Binds C2 for cleavage by C1.

Front 116

In classical complement cascade, C2 is split into C2a and C2b. What is their function?

Back 116

C2a: precursor of vasoactive C2 kinin

C2b: active enzyme of classical pathway of C3/C5 convertase: cleaves C3 and C5

Front 117

In classical complement cascade, C3 is split into C3a and C3b. What is their function?

Back 117

C3a: peptide intermediator of inflammation

C3b: Binds to pathogen surface and acts as opsonins, initiates amplification via the alternative pathway, binds C5 for cleavage by C2b.

Front 118

In the alternative complement cascade, what is the function of C3b?

Back 118

binds to pathogen surface, binds B for cleavage by D,

C3bBb is C3 convertase; C3b2Bb is C5 convertase

Front 119

In the alternative complement cascade, Factor B is split into Ba and Bb. What is the function of Bb?

Back 119

Active enzyme of the C3 and C5 convertases.

Front 120

In the alternative complement cascade, what is the role of Factor D?

Back 120

plasma serine protease, cleaves B when it is bound to C3b to Ba and Bb

Front 121

In the alternative complement cascade, what is the role of Properdin?

Back 121

plasma protein that binds to bacterial surfaces and stabilizes the C3bBb convertase

Front 122

In complement regulation, what binds to C3b to inactivate it?

Back 122

CR1, H, DAF, and MCP

Front 123

In the complement cascade, C5 is cleaved by what to produce C5a and C5b?

Back 123

C2a or Bb

Front 124

What needs to bind to a bacteria and macrophage in order for phagocytosis to occur?

Back 124

C3b binds to bacteria binds to CR1while C5a

Front 125

What is a respiratory burst?

Back 125

the rapid release of reactive oxygen species (superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide) from different types of cells.

Front 126

Name the three common types of phagocytic receptors.

Back 126

Toll-like receptors, scavenger receptors, opsonin receptors

Front 127

what is the function of toll-like receptors?

Back 127

bind to more specific molecules, increases phagocytosis and causes the phagocyte to release a group of hormones that cause inflammation.

Front 128

What is the function of Opsonin receptors?

Back 128

increase the phagocytosis of bacteria that have been coated with immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies or with complementw

Front 129

What is the function of scavenger receptors?

Back 129

bind to a large range of molecules on the surface of bacterial cells

Front 130

In the terminal complement cascade, what is the role of C5b?

Back 130

initiates assembly of the membrane attack system

Front 131

In the terminal complement cascade, what is the role of C6, C7, C8 and C9?

Back 131

C6: binds C5b, forms acceptor for C7

C7: Binds C5b6, amphiphilic complex inserts into lipid bilayer

C8: Binds C5b67, initiates C9 polymerization

C9: polymerizes to C5b678 to form a membrane-spanning channel, lysing cell

Front 132

What are the 4 main steps in extravasation?

Back 132

Chemoattraction

rolling adhesion

tight adhesion

transmigration

Front 133

What happens during the chemoattraction step of extravasation?

Back 133

Endothelial cells of the blood vessels express cellular adhesion molecules and selectin, leukocytes are attracted to the area by chemokines.

Front 134

What happens during the rolling adhesion step of extravasation?

Back 134

bonds between the leukocyte and the selectins cause the leukocyte to slow down and roll along the vessel wall.

Front 135

What happens during the tight adhesion step of extravasation?

Back 135

chemokines cause the cells to switch from selectins to integrins which have a higher affinity. This causes the leukocyte to stay in place.

Front 136

What happens during the transmigration step of extravasation?

Back 136

leukocytes flatten out and pass between the endothelial cells

Front 137

What is the definition of autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine in terms of cytokines?

Back 137

autocrine: cell signaling itself

paracrine: cell signaling other cells

endocrine: signals entire body

Front 138

What does TLR4 specifically interact with?

Back 138

LPS, MD2, LPB

Front 139

____________, also known as antigenic determinant, is the part of _______ that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells.

Back 139

epitope

antigen

Front 140

Whats the difference between polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies?

Back 140

Monoclonal antibodies are clones of one B cell, polyclonal antibodies are different antibodies that all react to one antigen, just different pieces of it.

Front 141

What do CD4 cells do and what do CD8 cells do?

Back 141

CD4: t helper cell

CD8: cytotoxic t cell

Front 142

As the most variable parts of the molecules, _____________________________ are crucial to the diversity of antigen specificities generated by lymphocytes

Back 142

complementarity determining regions

Front 143

The light chains and the heavy chains of immunoglobulins are held together by what?

Back 143

disulfide bonds

Front 144

Review the differences between TCR and BCR

Back 144

Front 145

What is the difference between MHC 1 and MHC 2?

Back 145