Immunology Exam #1

Front 1

___ are microorganisms that live in a healthy human and do not cause disease, aid in digestion, and reside in gut flora

Back 1

Commensal Organisms

Front 2

any organism with the potential to cause disease

Back 2

Pathogens

Front 3

organisms that cause disease only if the bodies defenses are weakened or they get in the wrong place

Back 3

Opportunistic Pathogens

Front 4

Pathogens can be divided into 4 different types:

Back 4

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites

Front 5

composed of keratinized cells that form immpermeable barriers, its a skins layers that provide barriers and also line respiratory and urogenital tracts.

Back 5

Epithelium

Front 6

internal surfaces specialized for the communication with the environment

Back 6

Mucosa

Front 7

antimicrobial peptides secreted by the epithelial cells

Back 7

Defensins

Front 8

___ causes inflammation at the sites of infection -
1st part is recognition
2nd part is destruction/ effector mechanisms

Back 8

Innate Immune Response

Front 9

___ cells - engulf pathogens, virus infected cells, and complement coated pathogens

Back 9

Effector Cells

Front 10

___ are molecules secreted by the innate immune cells and responsible for initiating the immune response

Back 10

Cytokines

Front 11

____ cause vasodialation, immune cell recruitement and immune cell activation

Back 11

Cytokines

Front 12

___ is the overall effect of the innate immune response; heat, pain, swelling, and redness

Back 12

Inflammation

Front 13

___ focuses on a specific pathogen not cleared by the innate immune response

Back 13

Adaptive Immune Response

Front 14

white blood cells that adapt and respond to specific components of a pathogen

Back 14

Lymphocytes

Front 15

adaptive immune cells that proliferate and differentiate against the infecting pathogens

Back 15

Colal Selection and Expansion

Front 16

subsets of B- and T- lymphocytes will circulate in the body to quickly expand if a pathogen is encountered again is because of?

Back 16

Immunological Memory

Front 17

The first immune response against a pathogen

Back 17

Primary Immune Response

Front 18

The immune response following subsequent infections by the same pathogen and more rapid of a response time than the primary

Back 18

Secondary Immune Response

Front 19

common name for white blood cells - includes lymphocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes

Back 19

Leukocytes

Front 20

The common progenitor or precursor of leukocytes/white blood, erythrocytes, lymphoids, and myeloids is?

Back 20

Hematopoietic Stem Cells
(HSC)

Front 21

____ progenitor - consists of monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, granulocytes, neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils.

Back 21

Myeloid Progenitor

Front 22

___ cells - primary cells that initiate an adaptive immune response

Back 22

Dendritic Cells

Front 23

___ cells - contain cytoplasmic granules responsible for killing pathogens, consists of nuetrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Back 23

Granulocytes

Front 24

___ specialize in capturing, engulfing, and destroying microorganisms

Back 24

Nuetrophils

Front 25

___ are important against helminth worms and other intestinal parasites

Back 25

Eosinphils

Front 26

this occurs mainly in the bone marrow region

Back 26

Hematopoesis

Front 27

__ cells- are activated B cells that secrete antibodies / secreted Igs.

Back 27

Plasma Cells

Front 28

___ cells - are effector T cells that secrete cytokines that activate other immune cells.

Back 28

Helper T cells
(HTC)

Front 29

___ cells - are effector T cells that destroy cells infected with viruses or other intracellular pathogents

Back 29

Cytototixic T cells
(CTL)

Front 30

___ progenitor - one group is the granulocytes which include nuetrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. The second group contains monocytes, DC's, macrophages, and mast cells

Back 30

Myeloid Progenitor

Front 31

__ contain cytoplasmic granules responsible for killing pathogens, they have irregular shaped nucleus

Back 31

Granulocytes

Front 32

the most abundant graulocyte which specializes in capturing, engulfing, and destroying microorganisms

Back 32

Neutrophils

Front 33

phagocytose pathogens

Back 33

Macrophages

Front 34

__ progenitor - RBC's and megakaryocytes, which give rise to platelets that are responsible for blood clotting

Back 34

Erythroid Progenitor

Front 35

where lyphocytes develop and reach maturity, there two main tissues are bone marrow and thymus

Back 35

Primary Lymphiod Tissue

Front 36

Where the mature lymphocytes become stimulated to respond against invading pathogents

Back 36

Secondary Lymphoid Tissue

Front 37

a system of vessels originiating in the connective tissues that collect plasma that has leaked into the blood and return it to the body via the thoracic duct that empties into the left subclavian vein

Back 37

Lymphatics

Front 38

a mixture of fluid and cells that flow through the lymphatics

Back 38

Lymph

Front 39

___ is a secondary lymphoid tissue that lies at the junctions of the lymphatic vessels

Back 39

Lymph nodes

Front 40

___ is innitiated in the secondary lymphoid tissue

Back 40

Adaptive Immunity

Front 41

the site where lymphocytes encounter pathogens and become active

Back 41

Secondary Lymphoid Tissue

Front 42

___ Lymphatic Vessel - delivers pathogens and lymph to the lymph node

Back 42

Afferent

Front 43

__ Lymphatic Vessels - exit and take lymph away from the lymph node

Back 43

Efferent

Front 44

___ Cells - are effector B cells that secrete antibodies

Back 44

Plasma

Front 45

__ filters the damaged cells and clears pathogens from the blood

Back 45

Spleen

Front 46

What does GALT stand for?

Back 46

Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

Front 47

Where all is the GALT located?

Back 47

Tonsils
Adenoids
Appendix
Peyer's Patches

Front 48

__ Cells - are associated with the Galt and are specialized cells of the mucosal epithelium that delivers pathogens from the lumen of the guy to the lymphoid tissue of the gut wall.

Back 48

M Cells

Front 49

___ Immune Response - occurs with the first encounter with a given pathogen and takes 7-10 days to mount

Back 49

Primary Immune Response

Front 50

___ Immune Response - occurs following subsequent exposures to the same pathogen and has a rapid response from hours to a few days.

Back 50

Secondary Immune Response

Front 51

___ - is the continous change of surface protiens in order to escape the immune response

Back 51

Antigenic Variation

Front 52

___ stimulates the immune response to generate memory lymphocytes by administering antigens in a form that cannot cause disease

Back 52

Vaccination

Front 53

___ Diseases - are failure of the immune system due to components of the immune system that are missing or that do not work properly

Back 53

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Front 54

__ - is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) because it selectively infects Tcells & CD4+

Back 54

Acquired Immune Deficiency
(AIDS)

Front 55

__ Infections - pathogens that replicate outside the cell

Back 55

Extracellular Infections

Front 56

__ Infections - pathogens that replicate inside the cell

Back 56

Intracellular Infections

Front 57

Name the 3 pathways of complement activation.

Back 57

Alternative 1st
Lectin 2nd
Classical 3d

Front 58

__ - increases the speed and power of complement activation by stabalizing the complement proteins C3bBb on the microbial surface

Back 58

Properdin

Front 59

There are 2 complement categories of proteins that act as regulatory proteins to determine the extent and site of C3b deposition, Name them.

Back 59

Properdin (factor P)
Decay-Accelerating factor (DAF)

Front 60

__are important for parasitic diseases

Back 60

Granulocytes

Front 61

__ receptors are on macrophages and dendritic cells

Back 61

Toll-Like Receptors
Compliment Receptors

Front 62

What cells secrete cytokines?

Back 62

Dendritic Cells
Macrophages

Front 63

What is the difference between lymphocytes and luekocytes?

Back 63

Lyphocytes are B-T cells

Luekocytes are white blood cells (everything)

Front 64

What are the 2 types of T-Cells?

Back 64

Helper T cells-CD4-MHC Class 2

Cytotoxic-CD8-MHC Class 1

Front 65

MCH Class 1 is __cellular

MHC Class 2 is __cellular

Back 65

Intracellular

Extracellular

Front 66

What cells produce MHC Class 1?

Back 66

Intracellular Pathogens - every cell that has a nucleus

Front 67

What cells produce MHC Class 2?

Back 67

Extracellular Pathogens - Professional antigen presenting cells
macrophages DC cells and Bcells

Front 68

What is an antigen?

Back 68

any molecule that is immunogenic

Front 69

What is an epitope?

Back 69

a specific part of the antigen that Tcells and Bcells are recognizing

Front 70

What cells are antigen presenting cells?

Back 70

Macrophages
Dendritic Cells
B Cells

Front 71

What progenitor gives rise to T and B cells?

Back 71

Lymphoid

Front 72

What is the process called when B&Tcells are activated by a pathogen to multiply and proliferate?

Back 72

Clonal Expansion

Front 73

What is nuetralization?

Back 73

hindering pathogen by biding antibody so it wont enter a host cell

Front 74

What is opsonization

Back 74

coating the pathogen so macrophages can recognize it and phagocytose it

Front 75

What is important about:
C3
C4
C5

Back 75

C3 - opsonization
C4 - start lectin and classical pathways
C5 - attack complex

Front 76

What is produced in the liver?

Back 76

Manoose Binding Protien
C - reactive protien