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23 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
TNF alone
1. TNF enhances NADPH oxidase activity.

2. TNF: role in the activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase.
IL-2
1. Growth factor for T cells.

2. Enhances NK cell cytotoxicity.

3. Plays a role in pCTL to CTL differentiation.
IL-3
Hematopoiesis - important for both myeloid and lymphoid progenitor cell development.
IL-4
1. Required to isotype switch to IgE.

2. Down regulation of TH1 cytokine production.

3. Down regulation of iNOS (not as effective as TGF-Beta)

4. Shifts Th0 response to Th2 phenotype.
IL-5
1. Hematopoiesis - differentiation of eosinophils.

2. Chemotactic for eosinophils; recruiting eosinophils to tissues.

3. Activation of eosinophils.
IL-6
1. Stimulus for secretion of C-reactive protein from hepatocytes (inflammation-)

2. In the presence of TGF-Beta, IL-6 plays a role in the differentiation of Thp cells to Th17.
IL-7
Hematopoiesis - Role for B and T cell differentiation. Bone marrow and thymus.
IL-10
1. Down regulates IL-12 secretion by dendritic cells and macrophages (leads to down regulation of Th1 cytokines.

2. Down regulates iNOS but is not as effective as TGF-Beta.

3. Inhibitory molecule.
IL-12
Activates NK cells to secrete IFN-gamma (enhanced if either IL-15 or IL-18 is present.
IL-13
1. In lung, mediator of allergic asthma.

2. Plays a role in helminth infections (nematodes - round worms).
IL-15
1. Plays a role (along with IL-12) in inducing NK cells to secrete IFN-gamma.
IL-17
1. Functionally, IL-17 induces expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines from wide range of cells (e.g., IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, G-CSF and metalloproteinases from macrophages and other cell types.

2. Autoimmune disorders if Th17 cells specific for self antigen.

3. IL-17 is chemotactic for neutrophils.

4. Plays a key role in fungal infections and in extracellular bacterial infections.
IL-18
1. Plays a role (along with IL-12) in inducing NK cells to secrete IFN-gamma.
IL-21
1. Growth factor (amplification) of Th17 cells.
IL-22
1. Proinflammatory - Has been shown to be elevated in several inflammatory conditions (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis).
IL-23
1. Role in differentiation of Thp cells to Th17 cells in the presence of TGF-Beta & IL-6 or IL-1.

2. Proinflammatory cytokine that is composed of two subunits (p19 and p40). The p40 subunit is common to both IL-12 and IL-23.

3. Elevated in multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and Crohn's disease.
IL-33
1. Activates mast cells.

2. IL-33 is upregulated in intestinal parasite infection.

3. Th2 cells have receptors for IL-33 - function ???

4. IL-33 suggested to be a member of the alarmin family, molecules that are released upon tissue necrosis. IL-33 is released when endothelial cells or epithelial cells undergo damage/necrosis. As such IL-33 can trigger multiple immunological processes as a result of trauma or infection (e.g., activate mast cells). Such immune cells can secrete alarmins without undergoing necrosis.

5. Dysregulated IL-33 contributes to asthma, arthritis and inflammatory bowel disorder.
IFN-gamma
1. Activates iNOS.

2. Enhances activation of NADPH oxidase.

3. Down regulates production of Th2 cytokines.

4. Critical for Th0 differentiation to Th1 phenotype.

5. Along with IL-2, promotes pCTL to CTL differentiation.

6. Enhances expression of Class I MHC on nucleated cells.

7. Enhances expression of Class II MHC on antigen presenting cells.
IFN-alpha and IFN-beta
2. Triggers production of enzymes* that interfere with replication of some viruses (*2'5' oligoadenylate synthetase)

3. Inhibition of T cell proliferation

4. Increase expression of Class I MHC on nucleated cells.
TGF-beta
2. Down regulation of iNOS.

3. Critical for differentiation of Th0 cells to a/i Tregs.

4. In the presence of IL-6 or IL-1 and IL-23 --> differentiation Thp cells to Th17
GM-CSF
Role in hematopoiesis; role in differentiation of myeloid progenitor to GM-progenitor. Role in mobilization and activation of dendritic cells.
G-CSF
Role in hematopoiesis; role in differentiation of GM progenitor to granulocyte/neutrophil.
M-CSF
Role in hematopoiesis; role in differentiation of GM progenitor to monocyte.