Immunology Chapters 16 And 20, Abbas

Front 1

Define transplantation

Back 1

The process of taking cells, tissues, or organs from one individual or location and placing them in another

Front 2

What is a graft?

Back 2

Tissue or organ that is removed from one site and placed in another

Front 3

What is a donor?

Back 3

Individual that provides a graft

Front 4

Define recipient.

Back 4

Individual that receives a graft

Front 5

If a graft is taken from one location and placed in the same location, what type of graft is it?

Back 5

Orthotopic

Front 6

If a graft is taken from one location and placed in a different location, what type of graft is it?

Back 6

Heterotropic

Front 7

Define transfusion.

Back 7

Transfer of circulating blood cells or plasma from one individual to another

Front 8

What happens when a graft is rejected?

Back 8

Inflammation and death of the tissue

Front 9

What is an autograft?

Back 9

A graft that is transplanted from one individual to the same individual

Front 10

What is a syngeneic graft?

Back 10

A graft that is transplanted between two genetically similar individuals

Front 11

What is an allograft?

Back 11

Transplantation between individuals of the same species

Front 12

What is a xenograft?

Back 12

Transplantation between individuals of different species

Front 13

Describe the two ways donor MHC molecules can be presented to the recipient T cells

Back 13

1. Direct: Entire and intact donor MHC molecule is presented to recipient cells
2. Indirect: Donor MHC molecules are presented by recipient APCs to recipient cells

Front 14

Hyperacute rejections are mediated by:

Back 14

Pre-existing antibodies

Front 15

How soon after transplantation do hyperacute rejections occur?

Back 15

Minutes to hours

Front 16

Describe the events that occur in a hyperacute rejection.

Back 16

Pre-existing antibodies bind to recipient endothelial cells --> Complement is activated by immune complex --> Damage from complexes and complement exposes basement membrane proteins, activating platelets

Front 17

Define parenchyma

Back 17

Key elements of an organ or tissue for it to properly function

Front 18

What immune component is responsible for the effects in an acute rejection?

Back 18

T cells and antibodies

Front 19

Describe the sequence of events that occur in acute rejections.

Back 19

Activated T cells can directly kill graft cells or produce cytokines to stimulate inflammation
Antibodies can mount a response against antigens in vessel walls, activating complement

Front 20

Acute rejection occurs approximately how long after a transplantation takes place?

Back 20

A week

Front 21

Define transfusion reaction

Back 21

Lysis of foreign red blood cells

Front 22

A transfusion reaction is classified based on what three events?

Back 22

Phagocytosis and lysis of donor red cells
Freed hemoglobin can cause kidney failure and necrosis
Large numbers of cytokines may be released

Front 23

What is the most common cause of death in a person that undergoes disseminated intravascular coagulation or DIC?

Back 23

Hemmorrhage

Front 24

What is transplanted in a bone marrow transplantation?

Back 24

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

Front 25

Why are bone marrow transplants performed?

Back 25

To remedy defects of hematopoiesis or immune function
Correct inherited deficiencies of proteins
Treatment of bone marrow malignancies

Front 26

An immunodeficiency that someone is born with is known as a/an:

Back 26

Primary or congenital immunodeficiency

Front 27

An immunodeficiency that someone develops secondary to another condition is known as a/an:

Back 27

Acquired or secondary immunodeficiency

Front 28

Patients with a humoral immunity deficiency are more susceptible to infections from:

Back 28

Bacteria

Front 29

Patients with a cellular immunity deficiency are more susceptible to infections from:

Back 29

Viruses

Front 30

Primary immunodeficiencies generally affect which immune components?

Back 30

Phagocytes and complement

Front 31

Which immunodeficiency is characterized by the presence of granulomas that result from the incapability of phagocytes to completely digest microbes?

Back 31

Chronic Granulomatous Disease

Front 32

Which immunodeficiency results in impaired chemotaxis, neutrophil aggregation, phagocytosis, and cytotoxicity because the white cells do not properly attach to other cells?

Back 32

Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency

Front 33

A patient with white hair and suffering from a series of infections displays large lysosomes in many of their white cells. What is the most likely immunodeficiency this patient is suffering from?

Back 33

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

Front 34

Which immunodeficiency affects humoral and cellular immunity to such a large degree that most children with it do not live to be a year old without treatment?

Back 34

Severe Combined Immunodeficiencies

Front 35

Which immunodeficiency results from the improper development of the thymus and parathyroid glands?

Back 35

DiGeorge's Syndrome

Front 36

A complete absence of antibodies is known as:

Back 36

Agammaglobulinemia

Front 37

A patient with small lymphocytes and platelets and with an increased susceptibility to bacterial infections may suffer from:

Back 37

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome

Front 38

How does a phospholipid bilayer aid in cloaking HIV?

Back 38

The bilayer is pinched off from the host cell membrane, so it displays host antigens. This allows the HIV to evade the immune cells.

Front 39

What are the three functions of long tandem repeats?

Back 39

Regulate viral gene expression, viral integration into host genome, and viral replication

Front 40

What are three ways HIV can evade the immune system of the host?

Back 40

High mutation rate, down-regulation of Class II MHC genes, inhibition of cell-mediated immunity

Front 41

The amount of virus in host circulation is known as:

Back 41

Viral load

Front 42

Nonspecific signs and symptoms of infection in ~60% of patients accompanied with a spike of viral load and a mild depletion of helper T cells is characteristic of what stage of HIV infection?

Back 42

Acute

Front 43

The stage of HIV infection in which the host is asymptomatic and the level of helper T cells is relatively stable is known as:

Back 43

Clinical latency

Front 44

The diagnosis of AIDS is based on the presence of opportunistic infections and what CD4+ level?

Back 44

200 cells/mm^3

Front 45

Patients that have progressed to AIDS display what signs and symptoms?

Back 45

Opportunistic infections, cachexia, kidney failure, CNS degeneration, and neoplasms